LESSON 3

Part 1: Solutions
Part 2: Acids and Bases
 Solutions
All solutions are composed of two parts:
The solute and the solvent.

The substance that gets dissolved is the solute

The substance that does the dissolving is the solvent

(Usually present in the larger amount)

***A solution may exist as a solid, liquid or gas

depending on the state of the solvent.
 Types of Solutions
 Gas in liquid
Example – soda water
 Solute:carbon dioxide (gas)
Solvent: water (liquid)

 Solid in solid
Example – Steel
 Solute:carbon
Solvent: iron
 Types of Solutions
 Gas in gas
Example - Air
 Solute: Oxygen

Solvent: Nitrogen
 Types of Solutions
 Liquid in liquid
Example – Vinegar
 Solute: Acetic
acid
Solvent: Water

 Solid in liquid
Example – Ocean Water
 Solute: Sodium Chloride
(solid)
Solvent: Water (liquid)
 Aqueous Solution
 Any mixture where water is the solvent.
 Something is dissolved in water
 Solubility
Soluble - a substance that dissolves in
another substance.

Insoluble - a substance that does not

dissolve in another substance.
 Solubility

Immiscible - two liquids that are insoluble in each

other.

Miscible - two liquids that are soluble in each other.

 Solvation (Hydration)

 Solvation – a process that occurs when an

ionic solute dissolves in a solvent

Solvation Vide
o Clip
 “Like Dissolves Like”
Solvents of a specific polarity or type will dissolve
solute of similar polarities or types!
(Polar things dissolve in other polar things)
Examples:
 Solubility
Solubility – the maximum amount of
solute that will dissolve in a given quantity of
solvent at a specific temperature and pressure
to produce a saturated solution
• Units for solubility: grams of solute
per 100 g solvent
Example:
At 20˚C, NaNO3 has a solubility of 74 g/100 g H2O
 Solubility
 Saturated Solution - contains the maximum
amount of dissolved solute

 Unsaturated Solution
- contains less than the
maximum amount of dissolved solute

 Supersaturated Solution – contains more

solute than can theoretically be dissolved at a
given temperature
 Supersaturated Solutions
 How can you dissolve more solute than
possible??
 Solubility Curves
 Solubility of a
solid generally increases
with increasing temperature
The higher the temperature, the greater
amount of solute that will be dissolved in
the solvent
 Solubility can be represented in a chart
called a solubility curve
Solubility Curves
 Example #1

a) What is the solubility of

KClO3 at 70°C?

b) At what temperature are the

solubilities of CaCl2 and
NaNO3 the same?

c) How many grams of K2Cr2O7 would be needed to make 200 grams

of a saturated solution at 30°C?

d) Which compound is most soluble at 20°C?

 Temperature Affects
Solubility
Generally, as temperature
increases, more solid
solute will dissolve in the
same amount of liquid
solvent. The opposite is
true for gaseous solutes.
 CONCENTRATION
 Concentration – the measure of the amount of
solute dissolved in a given quantity of solvent
 Solution Concentration

Concentration Ratio
Description

Percent by mass

Percent by
volume

Molarity
 Example #2
An aquarium contains 3.6 g NaCl per 100.0 g of water.
What is the percent by mass of NaCl in the solution?
 Example #3
What is the percent by volume of ethanol in a
solution that contains 35 mL of ethanol dissolved in
115 mL of water?
 MOLARITY
Molarity (M) = moles of solute
liters of solution
 Moles of solute dissolved in 1 liter of solution

Example:
0.23 M NaCl solution = 0.23 moles of NaCl
dissolved in 1 L of solution (water)
 MOLARITY
M is read as “molar” when next to a
number
 4 M HCl = 4 molar hydrochloric acid

 Keep in mind that the liters of solution takes

into account the volume of the solute AND
the volume of the solvent
 Example #4
What is the molarity of a solution that contains 0.65 mol
of CuCl2 in 500 mL of water?
 Example #5
What is the molarity of a solution that contains 5.10 g
of glucose (C6H12O6) in 100.5 mL of solution?
 Preparing Molar Solutions
How do you make a solution with a specific
molarity?
1. Convert moles of solute to grams and measure
the amount out.
2. Add solvent so that the total volume of the
solution is 1 L.
3. For any volume other than 1 L we must adjust
the amount of solute needed by multiplying it
by the fraction of a liter of solution we need.
 Example #6
How many grams of CaCl2 would need to be dissolved
in 1.0 L of water to make a 0.10 M solution of CaCl2?
 Example #7
How many grams of NaOH are in 250 mL of a
3.0 M NaOH solution?
 DILUTIONS
Dilutions are used to decrease the
concentration (or molarity) of a solution

M1V1=M2V2
 DILUTIONS
Steps to Performing a Dilution
1. Calculate
how many mL of the original
(stock) solution to start with
2. Measure out the volume of stock solution
(using a graduated cylinder or a pipet) and
place in appropriately sized volumetric flask
3. Add water to the mark on flask
DILUTIONS
 Example #8
What volume (in mL) of 2.00 M CaCl2 is needed
to make 0.50 L of 0.300 M CaCl2 solution?
 Example #9
What volume of water would you add to 15.00 mL of a
6.77 M solution of nitric acid (HNO3) in order to get a
1.50 M solution?
 Colligative Properties
 Colligative means “depending on the collection.”
 Depends only on the number of dissolved
particles, not on the identity of dissolved
particles.

 Examples of colligative properties:

 Vapor pressure lowering, boiling point
elevation, freezing point depression, and
osmotic pressure
 Electrolytes and Colligative
Properties
 Electrolytes = Soluble ionic compounds. When
they dissolve in solution, they dissociate into their
component ions and conduct electricity.
 Ex: NaCl (aq)  Na+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)
 Covalent molecules in aqueous solution:
 Covalent particles do not dissociate when in
solution, so the # of molecules = the # of
particles.
 Examples of Colligative
Properties
Boiling Point Elevation
 Boiling occurs when vapor pressure
equals atmospheric pressure.
 Boiling point of a solution is higher than
the boiling point of the pure solvent.
 Dissolving substances increases the boiling
point of a solvent.
 Freezing Point Depression
 Freezing point of a solution is lower than the
freezing point of the pure solvent.
 Dissolving substances lowers the freezing point of a
solvent.
 Ex: Icy pavement - throw down CaCl2 or NaCl, and
the water will then freeze at a lower temperature
 Ex: Antifreeze: a solution of
ethylene glycol in water
1. Prevents car’s radiator from freezing in the winter.
2. Prevents car’s radiator from boiling over in the
summer.
The more ethylene glycol in the water, the lower the
freezing point, and the higher the boiling point.