Saint Ferdinand College

Sta.Ana Street, City of Ilagan,Isabela

Senior High School Department

Module 2
Physical Properties of Solutions

Lesson 1 :Properties of Solutions

Lesson 2: Factors Affecting Solubility

Solutions can be seen and encountered everyday in our lives. Many household materials such as beverages can be
considered as solutions.

This module will give us the ideas on the different properties of liquids as well as the factors that may affect their solubility.
This module will contain two lessons. Lesson 1 will be on the different properties of solutions. This lesson will also include the
nature o solutions, the kinds of solutions and the different ways of expressing the concentration of solutions quantitatively.
Concentration of solutions include parts per million, mass or volume percent,mole fraction, molarity and molality. It will also
discussed about dilution.

Lesson 2 will discuss about the different factors affecting solubility. This include the nature of solute and solvent, temperature
and pressure. This lesson will also tackle about the colligative properties of solutions. Under the colligative properties we have
vapor pressure reduction,boiling point elevation and freezing point depression.
 Lesson 1
Properties of Solutions

At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

1. Describe the properties of solutions
2. Explain concentration of solutions in terms of molarity,molality and mole fraction
3. Compute for the ppm, mass or volume percent,mole fraction,molarity and molality

Before the lesson proper, these are the words that you will most likely to encounter on this module:

Solute and solvent

Soluble and insoluble
Miscible and immiscible
Aqueous solutions
Electrolyte and non electrolyte
Gaseous solutions
Liquid solution
Dilution
Concentration
Ppm or parts per million
Mass %
Volume %
Mole fraction
Molarity
Molality

Before starting, you can also ponder on these questions:

1. What are the types of solutions?

2. How do you calculate concentrations of solutions?

See concept map on page 48

Lesson 2.1 : The Nature of Solutions

Solutions are homogeneous mixtures. They are homogeneous in a way that they have a uniform composition all throughout.
For example, a glass of softdrinks taken from a whole bottle will taste the same as any sample from any part of the same bottle.

Solutions are said to contain two components. The first one is the solute which is the the component that tend to dissolve in
the solution. The second one is the solvent which is the ones that dissolve the solute. Water gained the name “universal solvent”
for its known to dissolve a lot of solutes. For example, during your first experiment you have the boiling water and the sugar. On
this, you have the sugar as the solute and the boiling water as your solvent. When two or more liquid are mixed to make a solution,
it is sometimes difficult to tell it apart. As a rule however, the component inn greater amount is the solvent while the one in lesser
amount is the solute.

A substance that dissolves in another substance is said to be soluble in that substance. Salt and sugar is soluble in water. A
substance that does not dissolve in another substance is insoluble in that substance. Mercury and copper is said to be insoluble in
water. Liquids that are completely soluble in each other are said to be miscible while liquids that are not soluble in each other are
said to be immiscible. For example,oil and water. They do not mix thus they are immiscible and we call this as an aqueous
solution.

A substance that dissolves in water to form a solution that conducts electric current is called an electrolyte while a substance
that dissolves in water but does not conduct electric current is called non-electrolyte. Energy drinks that you drink can be
considered as an electrolyte.

Lesson 2.2 : Types of Solutions

Though its known that water dissolves almost all of solutes, oftentimes solvent aside from water is used to dissolve other
solutes. Thus, it can be said that solutions can be gaseous,liquid or solid based on their physical properties.

Types Examples Solute Solvent

Gaseous solutions
Gas in gas Air Oxygen and other gases Nitrogen
Liquid solutions
Gas in liquid Soda water Carbon dioxide Water
Liquid in liquid Antifreeze Ethylene glycol Water
Solid in liquid Sea water Sodium chloride Water
Solid solutions
Liquid in solid Dental amalgam Mercury Silver
Solid in solid Steel Carbon Iron
Gas in solid Charcoal filter Poisonous gases Carbon
Gaseous Solutions
The air we breath is considered to be an example of gaseous solutions for it contain mixture of different gases such as
nitrogen,oxygen,argon and neon. Some pollutants such as SO2 and NO2 can be seen also in the atmosphere. Since nitrogen is
considered to be the most abundant gas in the atmosphere it is considered to be the solvent as per the rule.
Liquid solutions
These are the most common type of solutions. Carbonated beverages and softdrinks are solutions of carbon dioxide and other
components in water. Vinegar is acetic acid in water, antifreeze is ethylene glycol in water. Salt dissolve in water makes a liquid
solution.
Solid solutions
Gold or sterling silver jewelry aree examples of solid solutions. The most common solid solutions are combinations of two or
more metals called alloys.

Lesson 2.3: Concentration of Solutions

Solutions can be described qualitatively or quantitatively based on the amount of solute relative to a given amount of solvent.
Qualitatively, we can describe solutions as either dilute or concentrated. A dilute solution contains relatively small amount of solute
whereas a concentrated solution contains a relatively large amount of solute. For example, a solution containing 5 g of salt in 100
ml of water is dilute while a solution containing 40 g of salt in the same volume of water is concentrated.

Below are the different ways of expressing the quantity of solute present in a given amount of solvent.
1. Parts per Million
Parts per million(ppm) is a unit for expressing very dilute concentrations. It is commonly used to express the concentration of
pollutants in air or in water. Components of gas mixtures present in very small amounts are usually expressed in parts per million
by volume as defined by the equation, ppm= volume of component / total volume of solution x 106 ppm. If the solution is
given in grams or mass unit, then you can simply change the volume units in the equation to mass units.

Example:
If 100 L of a gas mixture over a metropolitan area contains 0.0060 L of CO,what is the concentration in ppm of CO present?
Given : Volume of pure gas - 0.0060 L Total volume of gas mixture - 100 L
Unknown: ppm=?
Formula: ppm= volume of component / total volume of solution x 106 ppm
Solution: ppm = 0.0060 L / 100 L x 106 ppm
Ppm = 60 ppm

2. Mass or volume percent

One of the simplest ways to express concentration of solutions is by mass or volume percent. It is computed with the formula,
mass % of component = mass of component in solution / total mass of solution x 100%. If the amounts of the component and
the solution are given in terms of volume, change the mass units to volume units. The volume by volume percent(Vsolute / Vsolution)
% is useful when dealing with liquid solutions. The volumes are usually given in mililiters. To express the alcohol content of wines
and liquors,the term proof is used which is twice the volume percentage or the mass percentage of an alcohol.

Example:
A solution is prepared by dissolving 10 g of glucose C6H12O6 in 100 g of water. What is the percentage by mass of glucose
in the solution?
Given : mass of glucose = 10 g mass of solution = 100 g + 10 g
Unknown: mass & of glucose
Formula : mass % of glucose = mass of glucose / mass of solution x 100%
Solution : mass % of glucose = 10 g / 100 g + 10 g x 100%
=10 g/110 g x 100%
= 9%
Example:
15 mL of alcohol is mixed with 85 mL of water. Find the (a) percentage by volume of the solution and (b) proof of the solution

A. (Vsolute /Vsolution)% = volume of alcohol / volume of solution x 100%

= 15 mL / 15 mL+85 mL x 100%
=15 %

B. Proof = (Vsolute /Vsolution)% x 2

= (15%) x 2
= 30
3. Mole Fraction
The three most commonly used to quantitative measures of concentration of solutions are mole fraction,molarity and molality.
Mole fraction(X) is the ratio of the number of moles of one component(nA) to the total number of moles in the solution (nA + nB).

mole fraction = moles of component / total moles of solution or XA =nA / nA + nB or XB = nB / nA +nB

Example:
Calculate the mole fraction of Phosphoric acid (H3PO4 ) in 30% aqueous Phosphoric acid solution. Assume that the solution
is 100 g.
Given : 30% Aqueous H3PO4 (30g H3PO4 )
Mass of solution is 100 g
Unknown: mole fraction of H3PO4
Formula: mole fraction = moles of component / total moles of solution
Solution:
30 g H3PO4 Molar mass = 98 g/mol
70 g of H2O Molar mass = 18 g/mol
Moles of H3PO4 = 30 g H3PO4 (1 mol H3PO4 / 98 g H3PO4) = 0.31 mol
Moles of H2O = 70 g H2O (1 mol H2O / 18 g H2O) = 3.9 mol
Moles of solution = 0.31 mol + 3.9 mol = 4.21 mol

Mole fraction = moles of H3PO4 / moles of solution

= 0.31 mol / 4.21 mol
= 0.074
4. Molarity(M)
Is the most common way of expressing the concentration of solution. It is defined as the number of moles of solute per liter of
solution.

Molarity = moles of solute / liter of solution

M = nsolute / Lsolution

Example:
A solution is prepared by dissolving 4.00 g of NaOH in 100 g of water. The volume of the resulting solution is 102 mL.
Calculate its molarity.
Given : L of solution = 102 ml = 0.102 L *Convert ml to L. Just divide it by 1000
Molar mass of NaOH = 40 g/mol
Molar mass of H2O = 18 g/mol
Unknown: M=?
Formula:
Mole fraction = moles of H3PO4 / moles of solution
Solution:
XNaOH = 4g NaOH (1mol NaOH / 40g NaOH) = 0.10 mol
XH2O = 100g H2O (1mol H2O / 18g H2O) =5.55 mol
M = mol solute / L solute
= 0.10 mol / 0.102 L
= 0.98 mol/L or 0.98 M
5. Molality(m)
The molality of a solution is the number of moles of solute dissolved per kilogram of solvent where Molality(m) = moles of
solute / kilogram of solvent or m = nsolute / kgsolvent.. Although molarity and molality are quite similar,notice that molarity is
defined in terms of the volume of a solution whereas molality is defined in terms of the mass of a solvent.
Example:
Calculate the molality of a solution made by dissolving 65.2 g sucrose in a 500 ml water.
Given: mass of solute= 65.2g
Volume of solvent=500mL=500g=0.500kg
Kg solvent=0.500kg
Molar mass of sucrose=342g/mol
Required: m=?
Solution:

m = 65.2 g (1 mol/342 g) / 0.500kg

m = 0.1906mol / 0.500 kg
m = 0.381 mol/kg or 0.381 m

Lesson 2.4 : Dilution

Stock solutions are concentrated solutions in laboratory with a known molar concentration and are diluted to a lower
concentration for the actual use in the experiment or activity. In your experiments, you may need to prepare dilute solutions from
concentrated solutions. Bear in mind that the number of moles of solute does not change when a solution is diluted.
Number of moles of dilution = number of moles after dilution. From the definition of molarity:
Molarity = moles of solute(n) / liter of solution(V); nsolute = M x V. Since the total number of moles of solute does not
change,M1V1 = M2V2 where M1 and V1 are the molarity and the volume of the initial solutions respectively, and M2 and V2 are
the molarity and volume of the final solution respectively.
Example:
How would you prepare a 0.1 M of HCl solution from 10 ml of a 0.5 M of HCL stock solution?

Solution:

M1V1 = M2V2; therefore, V2 = M1V1 / M2 substituting the values into the equation,

V2 = ( 0. 5 M X 10 mL) / 0.1 M
V2 = 50 ml

* For more examples you can access pages 52-57 of your book.