Is Matter Around us Pure

Solution

Solutions are homogeneous mixtures of two or more than two

components which are chemically non reacting.
 True Solution

Homogeneous solution.

Salt in water
 H2
CO2
O2
N2

Air is a homogeneous mixture of a number of

gases.
Solution

Conditions

Components should be Should be

non-reacting. homogeneous.
 Components of solution

Solute Solvent
Solute

The component of the solution which dissolves in the solvent,

is called solute.

Usually solute is the smaller component of the solution.

Solvent

The component of a solution which dissolves the other

component in itself, is called solvent.

Usually a solvent is the larger component of the solution.

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞

A syrup (liquid solution) contains sugar (solid) and water

(liquid).
Sugar

Water
Characteristics of a solution

Homogeneous mixture.

The size of solute particles in a solution is extremely small. It is

less than 1 nm(10-9 m) in diameter.

The particles of a solution cannot be seen even with a microscope.

Cannot be separated by filtration.

Characteristics of a solution
The solutions are very stable.
A true solution does not scatter light passing through the
solution.
The components of a solution do not chemically react with one
another.
Always transparent in nature.
The solute can be easily recovered by evaporation or
crystallisation.
Type of solutions

Name Solute Solvent

Solid in Solid Solid Solid

Example

Alloys like stainless steel,German silver. 

Type of solutions

Name Solute Solvent

Gas in Solid Gas Solid

Example

Gases adsorbed over the surface of metals

under pressure. 
Type of solutions

Name Solute Solvent

Solid in Liquid Solid Liquid

Example

Sugar, common salt dissolved in water. 

Type of solutions

Name Solute Solvent

Liquid in Liquid Liquid Liquid

Example

Mixture of two miscible liquids such as

alcohol and water. 
Type of solutions

Name Solute Solvent

Gas in Liquid Gas Liquid

Example

Aerated drinks(CO2 dissolved in water). 

Type of solutions

Name Solute Solvent

Solid in Gas Solid Gas

Example

Camphor in air or Iodine in air. 

Type of solutions

Name Solute Solvent

Gas in Gas Gas Gas

Example

Air is a mixture of gases like O2, CO2, inert

gases, etc. 
Alloys

Alloys are homogeneous mixtures of metals with other

metals or non-metals and cannot be separated into their
components by physical methods.
 Alloys Elements

Brass Copper, Zinc

Bronze Copper, Tin

German silver Copper, Zinc, Nickel

Steel Iron, Carbon, Manganese

Stainless steel Iron, Carbon, Manganese, Chromium, Nickel

Concentration of a Solution

The amount of solute present in a given quantity of the

solution or solvent.

In a solution the relative proportion of the solute and solvent

can be varied.
Composition of a solution can be described by
expressing its concentration.

Mass Percent Mole Fraction(X)

Volume Percent Mass Fraction

Normality(N) Formality

Molarity (M) Mole Percent

Molality(m)
Concentration of a Solution

1 Mass by mass percentage(w/w)

2 Mass by volume percentage(w/v)

3 Volume by volume percentage (v/v)

1 Mass by mass percentage(w/w)

The mass of the solute in grams dissolved in 100 g of the

solution.

𝐌𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐞 (𝐢𝐧 𝐠)

Mass by mass percentage of a solution = × 100
𝐌𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 (𝐢𝐧 𝐠)
2 Mass by volume percentage(w/v)

The mass of the solute in grams dissolved in 100 ml of the

solution

𝐌𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐞 (𝐠)

Mass by volume percentage = × 100
𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 (𝐦𝐋)
3 Volume by volume percentage (v/v)

The volume of the solute in millilitres dissolved in 100 ml of

the solution.

𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐞 (𝐦𝐋)

Volume by volume percentage = × 100
𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 (𝐦𝐋)
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞

A solution contains 40 g of common salt in 320 g of water.

Calculate the concentration in terms of mass by mass percentage.
of the solution.

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞

How much water should be added to 50 g of glucose, so as to

obtain 12% glucose solution?

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧