D’ CHEMISTRY OF
SOLUTIONS
JULIUS P. GUILLERMO
Subject Teacher
SOME DEFINITIONS
A solution is a
_______________
mixture of 2 or more
substances in a single
phase.
One constituent is
usually regarded as the
SOLVENT and the
others as SOLUTES.
SOME DEFINITIONS
Solutions are
homogeneous
mixtures of two or
more pure
substances.
In a solution, the
solute is dispersed
uniformly throughout
the solvent.
PARTS OF A SOLUTION
ACTIVITY 2.1
• SOLUTE – the part of a IDENTIFYING COMPONENTS OF SOLUTIONS
solution that is being Solution Solute Solvent
dissolved
Air in balloon O2 N2
(usually the lesser amount)
• SOLVENT – the part of Ammonia water
NH3 H2O
a solution that dissolves Rubbing
the solute alcohol (70%) H2O Isopropyl alcohol
(usually the greater amount) Rubbing
alcohol (40%) Ethyl alcohol H2O
• Solute + Solvent = Tincture of
Iodine Iodine Alcohol
Solution
Sea water
Salt H2O
WHICH IS WHICH 1 ROUND st
Identify the solute and solvent in each of the
following solutions.
1.0 g of sugar dissolved in 100 g of water.
50 mL of water mixed with 20 mL isopropyl alcohol
A tincture of Iodine is prepared with 0.10 g I2 and 10.0 mL of
ethyl alcohol.
40 % ethanol a rubbing alcohol.
Sugar is the smaller quantity that is dissolving. Therefore it the solute and water is the solvent.
Since both water and isopropyl alcohol are liquids, the one smaller volume, is the solute and
water is the solvent.
Iodine is the solute and ethyl alcohol is the solvent.
Ethanol is the solvent and water is the solute.
WHICH IS WHICH 2 ROUND nd
Identify the solute and solvent in each of the
following solutions.
10 g NaCl and 100 g of water.
50 mL ethanol and 10 mL H2O
2.0 L oxygen and 8.0 L nitrogen.
100 g silver and 40 g mercury.
100 mL H2O and 5.0 g sugar
TYPE OF SOLUTION
Gas
Liquid
Solid
SOME EXAMPLES OF SOLUTION
SOLUTION SOLUTE SOLVENT EXAMPLE
Gas in a
gas Oxygen Nitrogen Air
Gas in a
liquid CO2 H2O Soda water
Liquid in a
liquid Acetic acid H2O Vinegar
Solid in a
liquid Sugar H2O Sugar syrup
Liquid in a
solid Hg Ag Dental
amalgam
Solid in a Brass or
solid Carbon
Zinc Copper
Iron Steel
D’ UNIVERSAL SOLVENT
WATER
H2 O
HOW SOLUTIONS ARE
FORMED?
DEFINE SOLUTIONS
Solutions are
homogeneous
mixtures of two or
more pure
substances.
In a solution, the
solute is dispersed
uniformly throughout
the solvent.
How Does a Solution Form?
1. Solvent molecules attracted to surface ions.
2. Each ion is surrounded by solvent molecules.
3. Enthalpy (DH) changes with each interaction
broken or formed.
Ionic solid dissolving in water
How Does a Solution Form?
The ions are
solvated
(surrounded by solvent).
If the solvent is
water, the ions are
hydrated.
The
intermolecular forc
es
.
What is solvation?
solvation is an
interaction of a
solute with the
solvent, which
leads to
stabilization of
the solute in the
solution.
KINDS OF SOLUTION
Dilute
small amount of
solute dispersed
in the solvent
Concentrated
large amount of
solute is dissolved
in the solvent
Types of Solutions Based on Solute
Concentration…
Hypotonic
(lower solute
concentration) to
the solution
Hypertonic
(higher solute
concentration) to
the solution
Types of Solutions Based on Solute
Concentration…
Isotonic
solutions are equal
in their solute
concentrations.
We say that they
are isotonic to
each other.
QUESTIONS THAT NEEDS SOLUTIONS…
How does a solid
dissolve into a
liquid?
What ‘drives’ the
dissolution process?
What are the
energetics of
dissolution?
WHAT IS DISSOLUTION ?
• is the process by
which a solid,
liquid or gas
forms a solution
in a solvent.
DISSOLUTION PROCESS IN SOLIDS…
• In solids this can be
explained as the
breakdown of the
crystal lattice into
individual ions, atoms
or molecules and their
transport into the
solvent.
DISSOLUTION PROCESS IN LIQUIDS & GASES…
• For liquids and
gases, the
molecules must be
compatible with
those of the solvent
for a solution to
form.
Dissolution vs Reaction
Ni(s) + HCl (aq) NiCl2(aq) + H2(g)
dry NiCl (s)
2
• Dissolution is a physical change—you can get back
the original solute by evaporating the solvent.
• If you can’t, the substance didn’t dissolve, it reacted.
DEFINE
SOLUBILITY?
What is Solubility?
• refers to the maximum
amount of solute, expressed
in grams, that can be
dissolved in 100 g of water
at a specific temperature &
pressure.
VOCABULARY
Soluble
a substance that
dissolves in a solvent
Insoluble
a substance that
does not dissolve in
a solvent (sand is
insoluble in water)
LABORATORY ACTIVITY 2.7
SOLUBILITY IN WATER
ETHYL
SUBSTANCES KEROSENE OIL ALCOHOL WATER
Sugar INSOLUBLE INSOLUBLE S/SOLUBLE SOLUBLE
Salt INSOLUBLE INSOLUBLE S/SOLUBLE SOLUBLE
Detergent INSOLUBLE INSOLUBLE S/SOLUBLE SOLUBLE
Powdered INSOLUBLE INSOLUBLE S/SOLUBLE SOLUBLE
chalk
Powdered SOLUBLE SOLUBLE S/SOLUBLE INSOLUBLE
charcoal
Sulfur SOLUBLE SOLUBLE S/SOLUBLE INSOLUBLE
powder
CuSO4 INSOLUBLE INSOLUBLE S/SOLUBLE SOLUBLE
KMnO4 INSOLUBLE INSOLUBLE S/SOLUBLE SOLUBLE
VOCABULARY
Immiscible
Two liquids that are
insoluble
(Oil & Vinegar)
Miscible
Two liquids that are
soluble in each other
(Alcohol & Water)
SOLVENT WATER KEROSENE ACETONE ALCOHOL
Oil IMMISCIBLE MISCIBLE MISCIBLE S/MISCIBLE
Degree of Saturation
Saturated solution
Solvent holds as much
solute as is possible at
that temperature.
Undissolved solid
remains in flask.
Dissolved solute is in
dynamic equilibrium
with solid solute
particles.
Degree of Saturation
Unsaturated Solution
Less than the
maximum amount
of solute for that
temperature is
dissolved in the
solvent.
No solid remains in
flask.
Degree of Saturation
Supersaturated
Solvent holds more solute than is normally possible at that
temperature.
These solutions are unstable; crystallization can often be
stimulated by adding a “seed crystal” or scratching the side
of the flask.
FACTORS AFFECTING
SOLUBILITY
Factors Affecting Solubility
• Chemists use the
axiom
• “like dissolves like”
Polar substances
tend to dissolve in
polar solvents.
Nonpolar substances
tend to dissolve in
nonpolar solvents.
LABORATORY ACTIVITY 2.8
FACTORS SOLUBILITY
SOLVENT WATER KEROSENE ACETONE ALCOHOL
Oil IMMISCIBLE MISCIBLE MISCIBLE S/MISCIBLE
SOLVENT NaCl C12H22O11 C10H8 I2
Water SOLUBLE SOLUBLE INSOLUBLE INSOLUBLE
Temperature
Generally, the
solubility of
solid solutes in
liquid solvents
increases with
increasing
temperature.
LABORATORY ACTIVITY 2.8
FACTORS SOLUBILITY
SOLUTE COLD HOT TIME TO
WATER WATER DISSOLVE
Salt TAKES TIME EASILY
TO DISSOLVE DISSOLVED
Sugar TAKES TIME EASILY
TO DISSOLVE DISSOLVED
KNO3 TAKES TIME EASILY
TO DISSOLVE DISSOLVED
Temperature
The opposite is true of
gases.
• Higher temperature drives
gases out of solution.
Carbonated soft drinks
are more “bubbly” if
stored in the
refrigerator.
Warm lakes have less
O2 dissolved in them
than cool lakes.
Molecular Size
The larger the molecules of the solute are, the larger is their molecular
weight and their size.
It is more difficult it is for solvent molecules to surround bigger
molecules.
If all of the above mentioned factors all excluded, a general rule can be
found that larger particles are generally less soluble.
If the pressure, and temperature are the same than out of two solutes of
the same polarity, the one with smaller particles is usually more soluble.
LABORATORY ACTIVITY 2.8
FACTORS SOLUBILITY
SOLVENT REFINED SALT ROCK SALT
Water EASILY TAKES TIME
DISSOLVED TO DISSOLVE
SOLVENT REFINED KNO3 KNO3
CRYSTALS
Water EASILY TAKES TIME
DISSOLVED TO DISSOLVE
Effect of Stirring
Stirring only increases the
speed of the process - it
increases the movement of
the solvent that exposes
solute , thus enabling
solubility.
As molecules in liquid
substances are in constant
move, the process would
take place anyway, but it
would take more time.
LABORATORY ACTIVITY 2.8
FACTORS SOLUBILITY
SOLUTE SET-UP W/ UNDISTURBED TIME TO
STIRRING SET-UP DISSOLVE
CuSO4 DISSOLVES TAKES TIME
FASTER DISSOLVES
KNO3 DISSOLVES TAKES TIME
FASTER DISSOLVES
Factors Affecting Solubility
The stronger the
intermolecular
attractions
between solute
Example: ethanol in water and solvent, the
Ethanol = CH3CH2OH
more likely the
Intermolecular forces = H-bonds; dipole-
dipole; dispersion solute will
Ions in water also have ion-dipole forces. dissolve.
Factors Affecting Solubility
Glucose
(which has hydrogen bonding)
is very soluble in
water.
Cyclohexane
(which only has dispersion forces)
is not water-
soluble.
Factors Affecting Solubility
• Vitamin A is soluble in nonpolar compounds
(like fats).
• Vitamin C is soluble in water.
Which vitamin is water
soluble and which is fat
soluble?
HEALTH APPLICATION
Gases in Solution
• In general, the
solubility of gases in
water increases with
increasing mass.
Why?
• Larger molecules
have stronger
dispersion forces.
Gases in Solution
• The solubility of
Increasing liquids and solids
pressure does not change
above appreciably with
solution pressure.
forces
more gas • But, the solubility of
to a gas in a liquid is
dissolve. directly proportional
to its pressure.
Henry’s Law
States that:
Henry’s Law
Sg = kPg
Where:
• Sg is the solubility of the
gas;
• k is the Henry’s law
constant for that gas in
that solvent;
• Pg is the partial pressure of
the gas above the liquid.
