Solutions

Homogeneous mixtures are called solutions.

Solutions may be dissolved in liquids or gasses

dissolved in liquids.

There are also solutions where a gas is dissolved in

another gas , a liquid in another liquid or a solid in
another solid.
 The solutions consist of two
components called the solute and
the solvent.

Solute is the component present

in small amount.

Solvent is the component

present in a greater amount.
 a solution is formed when a solution dissolves in a solvent to
form a single phase that appears uniform throughout . A
solution is often clear and transparent .

In a solution, the solute cannot be separated from the solvent

through filtration because the particles are too small to pass
through the filter.
 What are the Various types of Solutions?

 A solution can be solid, liquid, or gas.

 Gas solutions
• Consist of gases or vapor dissolved in one another.
 Liquid solutions
• Consists of a liquid solvent in which a gas, solid or
liquid is dissolved.
 Solid solution
• Are mixtures of solids that are uniformly spread
throughout at the atomic or molecular level.
 Types and Example of Solutions
Type of Solution Example Solvent Solute

Gas

Gas in Gas air Nitrogen (gas) Oxygen(gas)

Liquid

Gas in Liquid Carbonated water Water (liquid) Carbon dioxide (gas)

Gas in Liquid Ocean water Water (liquid) Oxygen gas (gas)

Liquid in Liquid Antifreeze Water (liquid) Ethylene glycol (liquid)

Liquid in Liquid vinegar Water (liquid) Acetic acid (liquid)

Solid

Liquid in Solid Dental amalgam Silver (solid) Mercury (liquid)

Solid in Liquid steel Iron Carbon (solid)

 A substance that dissolves readily in a solvent is soluble. Salt
and sugar easily dissolve in water

A substance that does not dissolve in a solvent is insoluble.

Sand is insoluble in water

Oil is insoluble in vinegar. Oil and vinegar are immiscible.

Those liquids that can be mixed with each other are said to be
miscible.
 Solubility of the solute

Solubility is the property of a solid, liquid, or gaseous

chemical substance called solute to dissolve in a solid,
liquid, or gaseous solvent.

It is a maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in a

given amount of solvent at a certain temperature.
 Factors Affecting Solubility
1. Nature of Solute and solvent
when you try to mix water and oil
and shake the mixture, you will notice the
separation of liquids into layers. These
liquids are said to be immiscible, meaning
they are not soluble in each other. If you
mix benzene and carbon tetrachloride ,
they mix well. These liquids are said to be
miscible , meaning they are soluble with
each other.
 Factors Affecting Solubility
2. Pressure
the pressure above the solution called
internal pressure. If increased, can
increase the solubility of any gas in any
solvent. For example carbonated soft
drinks contain carbon dioxide gas
dissolved in aqueous solution.

The carbon dioxide escape as gas bubbles.

The rapid escape of gas is called
effervescence.
 Factors Affecting Solubility
3. Temperature
temperature has varied effect as on
substances. For solids and liquids,
solubility increase with every increase in
temperature; but for gases, the solubility
decreases with increasing temperature.
This property of gas causes our concern
for the fish population of lakes, rivers, and
oceans threatened with heat population.
 Other Factors affecting the Solubility of
Solute in Solvent
Particle size: the smaller the size of the solute particles, the
greater the solubility of solute. It is easier to dissolve powdered
sugar in coffee than granules of sugar.

Mechanical Stirring: the solubility of solution increases with

mechanical stirring. Sugar dissolves faster with faster stirring
using a spoon or stirrer.
 Saturated is a solution that
contains the maximum
amount of solute dissolved
by a given amount of solvent.
This occurs when you add
more solute in a solvent, and
it comes to a point that when
the solute no longer
dissolves.
 Unsaturated Solutions is one that
contains less dissolved solute than a
saturated solution under a given
temperature and pressure.
Some substances become soluble with an increasing temperature. This is the
reason why some solutions become supersaturated.

A Supersaturated Solution
contains more dissolved solute than
a saturated solution given the same
temperature. A supersaturated
solution may remain unchanged for a
long time if it is not disturbed. An
application of the supersaturated
solution is the cloud seeding.
Concentration of
solutions
Concentrations of Solutions
The concentration describes the relative amounts of
solute in a given solution. When there is a large amount
of dissolved solute for a certain volume of solvent, the
solution is concentrated.

A dilute solution has a small amount of dissolved solute

in comparison to the amount of solvent.
 Ways of Expressing the concentration of Solutions
1. Percent by Volume, which is the amount of solute in a given volume of
solution expressed as grams solute per 100 milliliter of solution (g/100
mL).
Example:
Sample problem #1.
how many mL ethyl alcohol are present in a 50 Ml bottle of rubbing
alcohol?

Solution:
70 mL ethyl Alcohol
50 mL alcohol x = 35 mL ethyl alcohol
100 mL rubbing alcohol
 Ways of Expressing the concentration of Solutions
1. Percent by mass, which is the amount of solute in a given mass of
solvent expressed as grams solute per 100 grams of solution
Example:
Sample problem #1.
one peso coin has a mass of 5.4 grams. How many grams of copper are in
a one peso coin containing 75% copper by mass?
Solution:
so, a 5.4 grams one peso coin contains
75 g copper
X 5.4 g coin= 4.0 copper
100 g coin