SOLUTIONS

SOLUTION

 A homogenous mixture which mainly comprises two components namely

solute and solvent.
 TYPES OF SOLUTIONS

Depending upon the dissolution of the solute in the solvent.

 A supersaturated solution comprises a large amount of solute at a temperature wherein it will be reduced, as a
result the extra solute will crystallize quickly.
 An unsaturated solution is a solution in which a solvent is capable of dissolving any more solute at a given
temperature.
 A saturated solution can be defined as a solution in which a solvent is not capable of dissolving any more
solute at a given temperature.
 TYPES OF SOLUTIONS

Depending on whether the solvent is water or not.

Aqueous solution – When a solute is dissolved in water the solution is called an
aqueous solution. Eg, salt in water, sugar in water and copper sulfate in water.
Non-aqueous solution – When a solute is dissolved in a solvent other than water,
it is called a non-aqueous solution. Eg, iodine in carbon tetrachloride, Sulphur in
carbon disulfide, phosphorus in ethyl alcohol.

Depends on the amount of solute added to the solvent.

A dilute solution contains a small amount of solute in a large amount of solvent.
A concentrated solution contains a large amount of solute dissolved in a small
amount of solvent.
 Solute Solvent Solution Examples

Gas Gas Gas Air, mixture of H₂ and He

in weather balloons.
Gas Liquid Liquid Oxygen in water, CO₂ in
water (Carbonated
drinks)
Gas Solid Solid Hydrogen in palladium

Liquid Gas Gas Mist, fog, liquid air

pollution
Liquid Liquid Liquid Alcohol in water, vinegar

Liquid Solid Solid Butter, cheese,

amalgam(Hg in water)
Solid Gas Gas Platinum in hydrogen gas

Solid Liquid Liquid Sugar in water

Solid Solid Solid Metal alloys (brass,

bronze)
ENERGY IN SOLUTION
FORMATION
FACTORS AFFECTING
SOLUBILITY
 SOLUBILITY

 Refers to the maximum quantity of solute that can

dissolve in a given quantity of solvent at a given
temperature.
 FACTORS AFFECTING SOLUBILITY

 Temperature
 Pressure
 Polarity
 Molecular size
 TEMPERATURE
 TEMPERATURE
Solubility increases with temperature for most solids dissolved
in liquid water. This is because higher temperatures increase the
vibration or kinetic energy of the solute molecules. Solute molecules
are held together by intermolecular attractions. The increased kinetic
energy weakens the intermolecular attractions, making it easier for
the solvent molecules to break up the solute molecules, causing them
to dissolve more readily.

Temperature affects gas solubility differently. Solubility of a gas in

water decreases with increasing temperature. Gas bubbles come out
because gas molecules gain more energy as water is heated.
 PRESSURE
 PRESSURE

An increase in pressure makes the gas molecules in the

solute compress, thus creating more room for additional gas
molecules. This results in a high solubility rate of gas in the liquid.
Therefore, as pressure increases, the solubility of gases in liquid
also increases.

The effect of pressure on the solubility of solid and liquid is

negligible.
 POLARITY
 POLARITY

In most cases, polar solute will dissolve in a

polar solvent while a nonpolar solute will dissolve a
nonpolar solvent. Polar solutes will not dissolve in a
nonpolar solvent and vice versa. The reason fat does
not dissolve in water is because fats are nonpolar and
water is polar.
 MOLECULAR SIZE
 MOLECULAR SIZE
Solubility decreases as the molecular size increases. The larger
the size of molecules in a solute, the more difficult it is for solvent
molecules to wrap around them in order to dissolve them. On the
other hand, solvent molecules wrap around molecules of smaller
size more easily, increasing the solubility of the substance.

In general, under the same temperature and pressure conditions,

solutes with smaller particles are more soluble than solutes with
larger particles. Changing the temperature and pressure can change
the solubility of the substance.