Physical Properties of

Solutions
 Introduction to Physical Properties of Solutions

 Matter can be classified as pure substances and mixtures.

 Mixtures can either be homogeneous or heterogeneous.
 In heterogeneous mixtures, the components can be identified, while in a
homogeneous mixture, the components cannot be identified from one
another.
 Homogeneous mixtures are also called solutions. Homogeneous mixtures
have uniform composition, they are made up of two or more substances
and can be separated by physical means like evaporation, filtration, and
distillation.
 Solutions
 A solution is a homogeneous mixture
made up of atoms, ions, or molecules. It
has two mediums, namely, the solute (the
dissolved medium) and the solvent (the
dissolving medium).
Type of solution and the state of the solvents and solutes

Final state of
Type of solution Solvent Solute Examples
solution
Alloys (12k gold, bell metal, sterling
Solid Solid Solid
silver, some jewelry)
SOLID
Solid Liquid Solid Dental filling (mercury in silver)

Liquid Liquid Liquid Rubbing alcohol, vinegar

Oxygenated water, carbon dioxide in
LIQUID Liquid Gas Liquid
water
Liquid Solid Liquid Ocean water, syrup

Gas Gas Gas Gas

GAS
Gas Solid Gas Gas particulates
Solutions may also be classified based on
the amount of solute present. A dilute
solution contains a great amount of solvent
compared to the solute, whereas a
concentrated solution is one that has a
greater amount of solute compared to the
solvent.
Solution with different color intensities
 Formation of Solutions
A. Ionic Compounds in Water
B. Non-Ionic Compounds in
Water
A. Ionic Compounds in Water
When salt is
dissolved in
water, a liquid solution
is formed. The image
shows a diagram
showing how salt
dissolves in water.
An ionic compound like NaCl and Na2CO3
breaks up into its component ions when
dissolved in water. Initially, the NaCl is in the
solid state.

NaCl (s) (aq) + (aq)

(s) (aq) + (aq)
Upon the addition of water, the ionic forces of the NaCl
that hold the crystals together are overcome by the strong
forces between the ions of NaCl and the polar molecules
of water. Sodium ions, being positive, become
surrounded with the negative end of water, the oxide ions
while the chloride ions become surrounded by the
positive end of water, the hydrogen ions. All ionic
compounds break up into their component cations and
anions when dissolved in water. For this reason, all ionic
compounds are dissolved in water.
 B. Non lonic Compounds and Water

Polar compounds also ionize in water because they

break up into their component ions. Therefore, polar
compounds readily dissolve in water.

HCl (aq) (aq) + (aq)

(s) (aq) + (aq)
Ethyl alcohol (CH3 CH2 OH) dissolves in water
through the formation of a hydrogen bond. The
hydrogen attached to the oxygen in the ethyl alcohol
is partially positive because of the electronegativity
of oxygen. This partially positive hydrogen forms a
H-bond with the partially negative oxygen in water.
The hydrogen attached to a carbon is not partially
positive because the electronegativity difference of
carbon and hydrogen is only 0.4.
In the case of glucose sugar
(C6 H12 O6), this contains
a lot of partially positive
hydrogen which can form a
hydrogen bond with water.
The hydrogen bond
between glucose and water
is shown in the Figure.
Some solutes are insoluble in water because of their lack
of ability to form a hydrogen bond or because they do not
form ions in water. An example of this is petroleum which
is made up of long chains of carbon and hydrogen.

Pentane C7H16
A saturated hydrocarbon does not have a partially positive
hydrogen because the electronegativity difference between
carbon and hydrogen is only 0.4. The hydrogen attached to
the carbon is not partially positive because as mentioned
earlier, the difference of the electronegativity of hydrogen
and carbon is only 0.4. As such, the bond is nonpolar.
Therefore, a conclusion may be made that like dissolves
like." Polar solutes dissolve in polar solvents, ionic solutes
dissolve in ionic and polar solvents, and nonpolar solutes
dissolve in nonpolar solvents.
 Solubility
 refers to the amount of solute that can dissolve
in a given amount of solvent at room
temperature under given conditions to produce
a saturated solution. It is expressed in grams of
solute per 100g of solvent at a specified
temperature and pressure.
For example, if 1.0g of sugar is placed in 100g of water
at 35°C, all of the sugar dissolves. A small portion of
sugar is added and the sugar still dissolves. This means
that the 100g water can still accommodate sugar. The
solution is called an unsaturated solution. If sugar is
continuously added, there comes a point when the sugar
no longer dissolves. This means that the 100g of water
already contains the maximum amount of sugar it can
hold at room temperature. This indicates that the solution
is already saturated.
Types of solutions based on amount of
dissolved solute
Unsaturated
 Definition
-The minimum amount amount of solute
present in a given amount of solvent at room
temperature

Description
-When solute is added, the solute dissolves
Saturated
 Definition
-The maximum abount of solute that can
dissolve in a given amount of solvent at room
temperature

Description
-When solute is added, the solute no dissolves
SUPERSATURATED
 Definiton
-The maximum amount of solute present in a
given amount of solvent at an elevated
temperature

Description
- The solute crystalizes when the solution is
cooled
 Endothermic Reaction
When a solute is dissolved in a solvent,the energy
is involved. If heat is absorbed when a solute
dissolves in a solvent, the final temperature of the
solution is increased and the reaction is called
Endothermic Reaction.
Exothermic Reaction
A reaction is exothermic if heat is given off or
realesed when a solute dissolves in a given
amount of solvent. The temperature of the
initial state is higher than the final state of the
solution
3 Classifications of Solute
A. Insoluble- If the solute is less than or equal to.
0.1g of solute disolves in 100g of solvent.

B. Slightly Soluble- Dissolves in 100g of solvent if

the solute is greater than 0.1g but less than 10.0g.

C. Soluble- Dissolves in 100g of solvent if the solute

is greater than or equal to 10.0g
 Factors Affecting Solubility

A. Nature of Solute and Solvent

B. Effect of Temperature
NATURE OF SOLUTE AND SOLVENT
 Ionic Compounds break up their components ion
in water. The posituve Ion of the ionic compound
becomes surrounded by the partial negative end of
a waer (oxide ions) and negative end (hydrogen) of
water. Therefore, ionic solute dissolves in ionic
solvent, ionic or polar solute dissolves in polar
solvents, and non polar solute dissolves in non
polar solvent.
SOLUTE SOLVENT SOLUBILITY/ MISCIBILITY

POLAR POLAR SOLUBLE/MISCIBLE

NON POLAR NON POLAR SOLUBLE/MISCIBLE

NON POLAR POLAR INSOLUBLE/IMMISCIBLE

IONIC POLAR SOLUBLE/MISCIBLE

 Effect of Temperature
 As temperature increases, the solubility of a solid or
liquid can fluctuate depending on whether the
dissolution reaction is exothermic or endothermic.

1. Solubility of Gas in Liquid

2. Solubility of Solid in Liquid

Effect of Temperature
Solubility of Gas in Liquid

At high temperatures, the solubility of gas in

liquids decreases because the gas molecules
move faster and tend to escape.
Effect of Temperature
Solubility of Solid in Liquid

The solubility of solids increases with an

increase in temperature for endothermic
reactions while it decreases for exothermic
reactions.
Example 1:

A + B + heat AB

Heat id needed to dissolve A in B. For this

reason, if temperature decreases, a lower
amount of A will dissolve in B.
 Example 1:

AB A + B + heat

Heat is given off or the temperature is lowered to

drive the dissolution of A in B. For this reason, any
increase in temperature decreases solubility and a
decrease in temperature increases solubility.
Solubility Curve
The solubility of some solids are plotted in
graph called solubility curve. It is the curved
line that is drawn on the graph that shows the
relationship between the temperature and the
solubility of the substance at varying
temperatures.
Solubility Curve
The x-axis gives the solubility at
different temperatures while the y-
axis identifies the solubility per 100g
of the solvent.
Sample Problem
1. 18g KClO3 DISSOLVES IN 100g WATER BASED
ON THE SOLUBILITY CURVE. HOW MANY
GRAMS OF KCIO3 WILL DISSOLVE IN 350g OF
WATER AT THE SAME TEMPERATURE?

2. HOW MANY GRAMS OF WATER WILL

DISSOLVE 250g KCl AT 30 DEGREE
CELCIUS.
MAG MATH NA
TAYO GAYUD