Mixture : consist of two or more substance mixing together in any way

type of
mixture

Hetrogenous Homogenous

Suspention colloids solution

Solution Colloids Suspention

Can't be distinguished by Can be distinguished by Can be distinguished by naked

naked eye or electronic electronic microscope only eye
microscope

EX: EX: EX:

1)table salt in water 1)aerosols 1)table salt in kerosene

2)hair gel 2)sugar in kerosene
2)suger in water 3)blood 3)oil in water
4)mayonnaise emulsion
3)cobalt (ii)chloride in water 5)milk

Less than 1 nm 1nm :1000nm More than 1000nm

Don't form ppt Don’t form ppt Form ppt

Solution: Homogenous mixture of two or more substance (chemically un reacted)

 Solution = solute + solvent
: Homogenous
Minoer component Major component
mixture of two or and has lower ratio and has larger
more substance ratio
(chemically un Found in small
reacted) amount in solution Found in large
as(salt ) amount in solution
as(water )

In aqueous solution , water is always is solvent by any amount

When two sample of one solution analyzed , they contain same content in
same ratio ,as sugary solution it has sweet taste at any part of solution

Solution are necessary in biological process inside the living organisms

Classified according to :

1)physical state of solvent

2)ability to conduct electricity

3)the degree of saturation

Electro negativity :ability of atom to attract electrons to it self .

Polar bond :type of covalent bond between two atom which electrons are
shared unequally (the greater atom has – charge )

Polar molecule : molecule has bond carry + charge and another carry –
charge
Bond in water molecule polar (G.R)

-bec, the ability of oxygen to attract electrons is greater than hydrogen ,so
oxygen atom carry +charge and hydrogen carry – charge

The anomalous behavior of water (G.R)

-due to the hydrogen bond between water molecule

The angle between the two bond of water molecule =104.5

Solvent state Solute state Solution type Examples

Gas Gas Gas Air – Natural gas
Solid Gas Liquid Soft drink
Liquid Alcohol in water
Solid sugar in water
Solid Gas Solid Hydrogen in pt
Liquid Silver in amalgam
Solid Alloys (Ni-Cr)

Electrolytes Non- electrolytes

Substance which solution
conduct electric current ,bec
motion of free ions
Ionized when dissolve in water
Salty solution
Substance which solution no
conduct electric current ,bec
there no free ions
Not ionized when dissolve in
water
Sugary solution
 Strong electrolyte
Solutions are completely ionized so
they good conduct electricity
Ionic compound as NaCl and NaOH
Polar covalent compound HCl
Weak electrolyte
Solutions are partially ionized so they
weak conduct electricity
Ionic compound NH4OH.H2O
Polar covalent compound
CH3COOH.H2O

H+ can't exist free ion in aqueous solution of acid

-bec , acid dissolve in water and produce positive hydrogen ion are produce
and react with water to form hydronium (H3O)

All gases not conduct electricity at normal condition of temp and pressure

All organic acids are weak electrolyte .

Super saturated solution Saturated solution Unsaturated solution

Solution which can Solution which can't Solution which can

dissolve an additional dissolve an additional dissolve an additional
amount of solute at amount of solute at amount of solute at
increase temp normal temp normal temp
 We can change saturated solution to super saturated solution by : increase
heating the saturated solution

We can change un saturated to saturated by : add more amount of solute

We can change from supersaturated to saturated by : we have two ways

1)by cooling then leave it fore sort time it will separated

2)by crystallization : put small crystal from solute in supersaturated solution

and leave it for short time the solute will ppt as crystal on surface of seeding
crystals

Water appear static in beaker but it's molecule in continuous motion

(due to the effect of kinetic energy )
When add solute into water :

Ionic substance Polar substance

The particles of the solute dissociate during the dissolving process into

Positive and negative ions Polar molecule

Which bind with the molecule of solvent

Dissolving process : process occurs when the solute decomposed into positive
and negative ions or into polar molecule
When put ionic compound crystal (as NaCl)in water ,water molecule collie with the
crystal and attract its ions , water molecule surround the ions and isolated the
negative from positive ions to prevent from bending again

1) ability of solute to dissolve in solvent

2) ability of solvent to dissolve solute

Degree of solubility :mass of solute can dissolve in 100 gm of solvent at

(STP) to form saturated solution .
Factors affect on solubility process :
1)nature of the solvent
2)temperature

Like dissolve like

Polar solvent (water ) Non-polar solvent (organic solvent )
1) ionic compound ☺ 1) benzene non polar compound 
(NaCl – NaOH – Na(NO3) 3 Dissolve (methane – oil – fats )

2)polar compound ☺ 2) methane chloride 

( HCl- NH3) Dissolve (iodine )
GR:
1) Oil is insoluble in water .
☺ Bec, water is polar solvent but oil is non polar compound
2) Oil is soluble in benzene .
☺ Bec, oil is non-polar dispersed between molecule of benzene which is non-polar
3) Sugar is soluble water although sugar non polar substance .
☺ Due to H-bond between water molecule and polar bond of sugar ( hydroxyl
group)

we have 3 cases :
1) solubility of most salt increases by increase
Temperature as (NaNO3)
2) solubility of some salt increases slightly by
Increase temperature as(NaCl)
3) solubility of some salt decrease by increase
Temperature as ( Ce2(SO4)3 )