SOLUTIONS

Isana SYL
Kimia - UNY
SOLUTION:
• A homogeneous mixture of two or more
substances
• Composition can vary from one sample to
another
• Appears to be one substance, though really
contains multiple materials
The components of a solution are:
• Solute - the solution component present in small
amount as compared to the solvent.
• Solvent - the solution component present in
greatest amount.

Solutions in which the solvent is water are called

Aqueous Solutions
 Solution phase Solute phase Solvent phase Example
Gaseous solutions Gas Gas Air
(mostly N2 and O2)
Liquid solutions Gas Liquid Soda (CO2 in H2O)
Liquid Liquid Vodka (C2H5OH in
H2O)
Solid Liquid Seawater (NaCl in
H2O)
Solid solutions Solid Solid Brass (Zn in Cu)
Solubility
• The solubility of a solute is the maximum
amount of a solute that will dissolve in a given
amount of a solvent.
• Common units are g solute/100 g solvent

Substance

A soluble An insoluble
substance substance
Will It Dissolve??
• For a solute to dissolve in a solvent two types of
interparticle attraction must be overcome

Interparticle
attractions

Attractions Attractions
between solute between solvent
particles particles
 Solute-solute
attractions

Sodium chloride
dissolving in water

Ionic Bonds in
solid NaCl
 Sovent-solvent
attractions

Hydrogen-bonding
between water
molecules
 Solutions

Saturated Unsaturated Supersaturated

solutions solutions solutions

have the maximum can dissolve

are temporarily
amount of solute more solute - holding more
that contains solute
will dissolve in that less than the than they should
solvent at that maximum be able to at that
amount possible temperature
temperature (unstable)
 Larutan gas

Larutan gas dalam cairan

Larutan cairan dalam cairan

Macam larutan

Larutan padatan molekular dalam cairan

Larutan padatan ionik dalam air

 Molaritas

Molalitas

Satuan konsentrasi Fraksi mol

larutan
Persentase

ppm (bpj)

ppb (bpm)
 Hukum Raoult:
Tekanan uap larutan

Penurunan titik beku

larutan

Sifat koligatif larutan

Kenaikan titik didih
larutan

Tekanan osmosis
 Larutan senyawa
volatil

Distilasi

Larutan senyawa volatil

Hukum Henry: Larutan
gas dalam cairan

Hukum Raoult dan

Henry
 Difusi dan osmosis

Tekanan osmotik

Pengaruh temperatur
Osmosis dan tekanan dan konsentrasi terhadap
osmosis tekanan osmotik

Aspek fisiologi osmosis

Penentuan massa molekular

 Air:momen dipol & tetapan
dielektrik

Spesies ionik dalam larutan

akua: hidrasi

Ion dalam larutan akua

Elektrolit lemah: disosiasi tak
sempurna dan pembentukan
ion-pasangan

Larutan elektrolitik: sifat koligatif

larutan elektrolitik, bagaimana ion
menghantarkan arus listrik dalam
larutan dan konduktivitas molar
larutan
Osmosis
 Aqueous Salt Solutions
Chemical Potential

The ideal solution

Non-ideal solutions
• γi∞ is the activity coefficient of species i at infinite
dilution. It therefore follows that at infinite dilution
the unsymmetric activity coefficient, γi*, is equal to
one. If the chemical potential of species i is
expressed in terms of the unsymmetric activity
coefficient, we obtain the expression:
• Mw is the molar mass of water (kg/mol). m0=1
mol/kg has been included in order to make the
expressions dimensionless. The standard state
chemical potential is μim = μi0 +RTlnMwm0γi∞
when the molality concentration scale is used.
The molal activity coefficient is related to the
unsymmetrical mole fraction activity coefficient
by: γim = γi* xw, where xw is the mole fraction of
water