Name _Russel Angelo A.

Camson Date performed 09/23/21 _

Course/Class Schedule BSME 1B GN SET A__ Date submitted 09/24/21

CHM01aL – Chemistry for Engineers – Laboratory

EXPERIMENT NO. 2

SOLUTIONS

INTRODUCTION

Solution is a molecular or ionic dispersion of one substance in another. It is a

molecular dispersion if the solute is a molecular substance like sugar and ionic
dispersion if the solute can ionize in the solvent like salt in water.

There are three different ways to classify solutions. First, according to relative
amount of solute in a solvent. It is called concentrated if there is a relatively large
amount of solute and dilute if the solute is relatively less. Second, solutions can be
classified according to the physical state of the solute and solvent, i.e. solid in a liquid
like sugar and water, liquid in a liquid like alcohol in water, and gas in a liquid like
oxygen in water. There are nine different combinations though the three combinations
mentioned here are the more common. Third, solutions can be classified whether
unsaturated, saturated, or supersaturated. Saturated if a solution contains less than the
maximum amount of solute that can normally dissolve at a given temperature. Saturated
if it contains the maximum and supersaturated if it contains mare than the maximum
amount of solute that can normally dissolve at a given temperature. Bear in mind that
saturation value depends on the temperature of the solvent.

While temperature of the solvent is one factor that affects the solubility of solute,
the size of the solute and the agitation or stirring play an important role in the solution
process. Practically it is easier to dissolve finer solute and stirring will likewise facilitate
easier solvation.

Considering the nature of the solute and solvent is equally important in dealing
with solution process. The rule of thumb here is like dissolves like. Generally, polar
solute is dissolved by polar solvent, i.e. salt in water, and non-polar solute is dissolved
by a non-polar solvent, i.e. cooking oil in kerosene.
OBJECTIVES

1. To compare the solubility of common substances in two different solvents.

2. To study the different types of solution.
3. To observe the factors that aid solution.

MATERIALS

table salt cooking oil jars

sand kerosene
flour ethyl alcohol
sugar soda

PROCEDURE/OBSERVATION/EVALUATION

A. Solubility of Solids in Liquids

1. Put equally small amounts of the following substances in separate jars: sand,
flour, sugar, and table salt. Add approximately 20 mL of water and shake or swirl.
Allow to stand, and note the results. Compare the solubility of each of the
following in water.
sand ____Insoluble_________ sugar _Soluble_____________
flour ____Insoluble_________ table salt _Soluble_____________

Are all solids equally soluble in the same solvent? _No, Because of the time
difference of dissolving.

B. Solubility of Liquids in Liquids

1. Pour approximately 5 mL of ethyl alcohol into an equal volume of water and
shake. Add 5 mL more of the alcohol and shake again.

Do alcohol and water mix in all proportion? ___________Yes___________

What term is given to such liquids? _____Miscibility _____________

2. In separate jars add approximately 5 mL of cooking oil and kerosene in 10 mL

of water.

cooking oil _Immiscible______ kerosene _Immiscible______

 3. Repeat the part in (2) with cooking oil using 10 mL of kerosene.

In which solvent is oil more soluble? When you use kerosene as a solvent the
oil becomes more soluble.

What is the principle in the removal of grease spots by organic solvents?

Stains from fatty substances like butter and chocolate can be removed with
organic solvents. The rule is "like dissolves like": pick a solvent that is similar
to your stain, and you can wash the stain out.

C. Solubility of Gas in a Liquid

1. Open a bottle or can of Sprite or 7-up.

What is that sudden fizz that you observed upon opening?

__Because of the carbon dioxide of the soda. ________________

2. Pour approximately 100 mL of the soda into a jar and observe what is
occurring in the jar.
When I pour the soda in the scup, I notice Its suddenly bubbled and fizzed.

3. Transfer the content of the jar in a casserole and heat to boiling. Cool and
transfer again into the jar. Compare it with what was observed in (2).
__ What I observe while boiling the soda become blurry, then solidifies when
cooled and it is not the same taste as before._____

4. How is the solubility of gas in a liquid affected by heat?

The solubility of a gas decreases as the temperature increases.

D. Level of saturation

1. Pour 10 mL of water in a glass jar and add few crystals of NaCl.

What kind of solution is produced? _Unsaturated solution __________

2. Add NaCl little by little until no more of the NaCl further dissolve.
What kind of solution is produced? _Saturated solution ____________

3. Is it possible to produce a supersaturated NaCl solution? Explain.

Yes, Because the crystal can be form into salt and that a indication of a
supersaturated_solution.
E. Factors that Aid Solution

1. Pour 10 mL of tap water in glass jars 1, 2, and 3 and 10 mL of hot water in

glass jar 4. In glass jars 1 and 2 place a small amount of refined sugar
crystals. Then in glass jars 3 and 4 place same amount of refined sugar in
pulverized form. Let the content of glass jar 1 stand on the working table and
shake vigorously the contents of the other 3 glass jars. Note the time (in
seconds) for the solute to dissolve in each glass jars.

Glass jar 1 ____179 sec.____ Glass jar 3 _ 4.76 sec.___

Glass jar 2 11.34 sec.____ Glass jar 4 _ 5.12 sec. __

What factor (s) aid in the solution in

Glass jar 1 ? _Shaking the jar___ ___________________
Glass jar 2 ? _Shaking the jar___ ___________________
Glass jar 3 ? _Pulverized and Shaking the jar_________ _______
Glass jar 4 ? _Hot temperature water _____________________