Chapter-2:

Is Matter Around Us Pure

Topics To be covered:
1. Mixtures
2. Solution
3. Solubility
 Impure Substances(Mixtures)
 A mixture is a form of matter in which two or more
pure substances, i.e., elements or compounds are
physically mixed in any proportion.
 For example, Air is a mixture of gases like oxygen,
nitrogen, carbon dioxide, etc.
 Alloys are homogeneous mixtures of two or more
metals or metals with small amount of non-metals.
 Blood is a mixture of various corpuscles and serum.
 Milk is a mixture of various fats, water and milk
solids.
 Lemonade is a mixture of sugar, water and lemon
extract.
Mixtures can have variable compositions.
Formation of a mixture is a physical change, so
their components retain their original properties.
Components of a mixture can be separated by
physical methods such as filteration, decantation,
distillation, fractional distillation, etc.
They do not have fixed melting and boiling points
as components are present in variable proportions.
 Mixtures can be homogeneous or heterogeneous
in nature depending on the relative size of the
constituent particles.
 Homogeneous Mixtures
 Those mixtures in which the various components
can not be differentiated as they are completely
mixed with one another.
 They have uniform composition throughout its
mass.
 No visible boundary of separation is visible in these
mixtures.
 They can exist in all the three states.
 For example, soft drinks, alcohol and water
mixture, vinegar, copper sulphate solution, filtered
tea, unpolluted air, natural gas, alloys, saline, etc.
 Heterogeneous Mixtures
 Those mixtures in which the various components
can be differentiated as they are not completely
mixed with one another.
 They do not have a uniform composition
throughout its mass.
 A visible boundary of separation is there in these
mixtures.
 They can also exist in all the three states.
 For example, Soap in kerosene, chalk in water, lime
in water, petrol in water, milk of magnesia, polluted
air, etc.
To demonstrate the difference between the
properties of mixtures and compounds
The

by nature.

,
Constituents are present in a
fixed ratio.
 Solutions
 A solution is defined as a homogeneous mixture of
two or more substances whose composition can be
varied within certain limits.
 Size of particles in a solution is less than or
approximately equal to 1 nanometer.
 The different constituents of the mixture cannot be
separated by any of the physical methods like
filtration, settling or centrifugation.
They are very stable which means, if left
undisturbed solute particles do not settle down.
 A binary solution is made when one solute is
dissolved in a solvent.
*Antifreeze is ethylene glycol
 Solutions of solids in liquids
• When we add a solid solute into a liquid, it keeps on
dissolving and hence the concentration of solution
increases continuously.
• The solution in which more solute can be dissolved at
the same temperature is known as unsaturated
solution.
• Finally, a stage appears when no more solute can be
added into the solution. This may be due to the reason
that no more inter-particle spaces are present between
the solvent particles or we can say that solute particles
keep on colliding with one another, resulting into the
separation of solute particles from the solution. This
process is called crystallisation.
• The solution when no more solute gets dissolved into
the solution is called saturated solution. This is due to
the fact that rate of dissolution becomes equal to the
rate of crystallization.
• Solubility is defined as the maximum amount of
solute (in grams) that can be added to 100g of the
solvent to form saturated solution at a fixed
temperature.
• At a particular temperature when a solution temporarily
contains more solute than the saturation level then that
solution is called supersaturated solution. It can be
prepared at higher temperature.
• If solution is supersaturated then on shaking or adding a
crystal of solute , crystals of solute will separate out
from the solution.
• Examples of supersaturated solutions: Chashni (sugar
syrup), Honey
 Effect of Temperature and Pressure On
Solubility
Pressure: Pressure does not have any significant
effect on solubility of solids in liquids, this is due to
the fact that solids and liquids are highly
incompressible, whereas on increasing the pressure,
solubility of gases in liquids increases.

Temperature: Solubility of a gas generally

decreases with increase in temperature, whereas
solubility is directly proportional to temperature for
the solution of solid in liquids.
 Home Work
1.Why do aquatic species feel happy in cold water as
compared to that in hot water?
2.Alloys are mixtures not compounds. Elaborate.
3.Why is kerosene called a mixture?
4.Why is soil called heterogeneous mixture?
5.The sea water can be categorised as a homogeneous as
well as heterogeneous mixture. Comment.
6.What would you observe
(i) When a saturated solution of potassium chloride
prepared at 60 degree celcius is allowed to cool to
room temperature.
(ii) When an aqueous sugar solution is heated to dryness.
7.(i) A solution is always a liquid. Comment.
(ii) Can a solution be heterogeneous?
8.Give two reasons to support that ammonia is a
compound not a mixture.
9.How can a saturated solution be made unsaturated?
10.Iron fillings and sulphur were mixed together and
divided into two parts, ‘A’ and ‘B’. Part ‘A’ was heated
strongly while part ‘B’ was not heated. Dilute
hydrochloric acid was added to both the parts and
evolutions of gas was seen in both the cases. How will
you identify the gases evolved?
11. 2.5grams of a solute are dissolved in 25g of water to
form a saturated solution at 298K. Find out the solubility
of the solute at this temperature.