1. Describe the different types of solutions.

a. Types of solution based on the physical state of solute and solvent

b. Types of solution based on the amount of solute dissolved in a solvent

c. Types of solution depending on whether the solvent is water or not.

d. Types of solution that depends on the amount of solute added to the solvent.

a. Types of solution based on the physical state of solute and solvent

A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. The physical state of the solute
and solvent can be solid, liquid, or gas. Depending on the combination of these states, solutions
can be classified into different types, such as:

 Gas in gas: A solution where both solute and solvent are gases, such as air, which is a
mixture of oxygen, nitrogen, and other gases.
 Gas in liquid: A solution where the solute is a gas and the solvent is a liquid, such as
carbonated water, which is a mixture of carbon dioxide gas and water.
 Gas in solid: A solution where the solute is a gas and the solvent is a solid, such as
hydrogen in palladium, which is used for hydrogen storage.
 Liquid in liquid: A solution where both solute and solvent are liquids, such as ethanol in
water, which is an alcoholic beverage.
 Liquid in solid: A solution where the solute is a liquid and the solvent is a solid, such as
mercury in gold, which is an amalgam used in dentistry.
 Solid in liquid: A solution where the solute is a solid and the solvent is a liquid, such as
salt in water, which is a common aqueous solution.
 Solid in solid: A solution where both solute and solvent are solids, such as brass, which
is an alloy of copper and zinc.

b. Types of solution based on the amount of solute dissolved in a solvent

A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. The amount of solute dissolved
in a given amount of solvent can vary, and it affects the properties of the solution. Depending on
the amount of solute, solutions can be classified into different types, such as:

 Dilute solution: A solution that contains a small amount of solute in a large amount of
solvent, such as tap water, which has a low concentration of dissolved minerals and salts.
 Concentrated solution: A solution that contains a large amount of solute in a small
amount of solvent, such as lemon juice, which has a high concentration of citric acid and
other substances.
 Saturated solution: A solution that contains the maximum amount of solute that can be
dissolved in a given amount of solvent at a given temperature and pressure, such as sugar
water, which cannot dissolve any more sugar at room temperature.
  Unsaturated solution: A solution that contains less than the maximum amount of solute
that can be dissolved in a given amount of solvent at a given temperature and pressure,
such as tea, which can dissolve more sugar if added.
 Supersaturated solution: A solution that contains more than the maximum amount of
solute that can be dissolved in a given amount of solvent at a given temperature and
pressure, such as honey, which is a metastable solution that can crystallize if disturbed.

c. Types of solution depending on whether the solvent is water or not

A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. The solvent is the substance
that dissolves the solute, and it usually determines the state and properties of the solution.
Depending on whether the solvent is water or not, solutions can be classified into different types,
such as:

 Aqueous solution: A solution where the solvent is water, such as salt water, which is a
mixture of sodium chloride and water.
 Non-aqueous solution: A solution where the solvent is not water, such as iodine in
carbon tetrachloride, which is a mixture of iodine and a non-polar organic solvent.

d. Types of solution that depends on the amount of solute added to the solvent

A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. The amount of solute added to
the solvent can affect the composition and properties of the solution. Depending on the amount
of solute, solutions can be classified into different types, such as:

 Molar solution: A solution that contains one mole of solute per liter of solution, such as
a 1 M NaCl solution, which has a molarity of 1 mol/L.
 Molal solution: A solution that contains one mole of solute per kilogram of solvent, such
as a 1 m NaCl solution, which has a molality of 1 mol/kg.
 Normal solution: A solution that contains one equivalent of solute per liter of solution,
where an equivalent is the amount of solute that can react with one mole of hydrogen ions
or hydroxide ions, such as a 1 N HCl solution, which has a normality of 1 eq/L.
 Percent solution: A solution that expresses the concentration of solute as a percentage of
the total mass or volume of the solution, such as a 10% NaCl solution, which has 10 g of
NaCl per 100 mL of solution.

Types of Solutions - Different Types, Homogeneous & Heterogeneous Solution with Videos (byjus.com)

13.2: Types of Solutions and Solubility - Chemistry LibreTexts

What is a Solution in Chemistry? | ChemTalk (chemistrytalk.org)

2. Determine the factors that affect the solubility of a solution.

The solubility of a solution is the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in a given amount
of solvent at a certain temperature and pressure. There are four main factors that affect the
solubility of a solution:

 Temperature: The effect of temperature on solubility depends on the type of solute and
solvent. For most solid solutes, the solubility increases as the temperature increases,
because the solute particles gain more kinetic energy and can overcome the
intermolecular forces that hold them in the solid state. For example, more sugar can
dissolve in hot water than in cold water. However, for some solid solutes, such as salt, the
solubility is almost independent of temperature, because the solute-solvent interactions
are similar to the solute-solute and solvent-solvent interactions. For gaseous solutes, the
solubility decreases as the temperature increases, because the gas particles gain more
kinetic energy and can escape the solvent more easily. For example, less carbon dioxide
can dissolve in warm water than in cold water.
 Pressure: The effect of pressure on solubility is only significant for gaseous solutes.
According to Henry’s law, the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the
partial pressure of the gas above the liquid. This means that as the pressure increases,
more gas molecules can dissolve in the liquid, because the gas molecules are forced into
the liquid phase. For example, more carbon dioxide can dissolve in a soda bottle when it
is sealed than when it is opened.
 Polarity: The polarity of a solute and a solvent affects the solubility of the solute in the
solvent. Polarity is a measure of how unevenly the electrons are shared between the
atoms in a molecule. Polar molecules have partial positive and negative charges on
opposite ends, while non-polar molecules have no net charge. Polar molecules can attract
each other and other polar molecules through dipole-dipole forces, while non-polar
molecules can only attract each other and other non-polar molecules through weaker
dispersion forces. A general rule to remember is “like dissolves like”, which means that
polar solutes tend to dissolve in polar solvents, and non-polar solutes tend to dissolve in
non-polar solvents. For example, water is a polar solvent, and it can dissolve polar solutes
such as sugar and ionic solutes such as salt, but it cannot dissolve non-polar solutes such
as oil and wax.
 Molecular size: The molecular size of a solute affects the solubility of the solute in a
solvent. Larger molecules have more surface area and can interact with more solvent
molecules, but they also have more intermolecular forces that hold them together.
Smaller molecules have less surface area and can interact with fewer solvent molecules,
but they also have less intermolecular forces that keep them together. The net effect of
molecular size on solubility depends on the balance between these two factors. For
example, ethanol (C2H6O) is more soluble in water than octanol (C8H18O), because
ethanol has a smaller molecular size and can form more hydrogen bonds with water
molecules, while octanol has a larger molecular size and can form fewer hydrogen bonds
with water molecules.

Solubility and Factors Affecting Solubility - Chemistry LibreTexts

Factors Affecting Solubility | Henry's Law and Rate of Dissolving (byjus.com)
What factors affect solubility? | AAT Bioquest

13.3: Factors Affecting Solubility - Chemistry LibreTexts

4. Perform stoichiometric calculations for reactions in solution. Give 5 sample computations

Stoichiometric calculations for reactions in solution are based on the balanced chemical equation and
the volumes and concentrations of the solutions involved.

1. How many grams of sodium chloride are produced when 25.0 mL of 0.100 M sodium hydroxide
reacts with excess hydrochloric acid?

Balanced equation: NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

Moles of NaOH: 0.100 mol/L × 0.025 L = 0.0025 mol

Moles of NaCl: same as NaOH (1:1 ratio) = 0.0025 mol

Mass of NaCl: 0.0025 mol × 58.44 g/mol = 0.146 g

2. How many milliliters of 0.250 M calcium nitrate are needed to precipitate all the phosphate ions
in 100.0 mL of 0.150 M sodium phosphate?

Balanced equation: 3Ca(NO3)2(aq) + 2Na3PO4(aq) → Ca3(PO4)2(s) + 6NaNO3(aq)

Moles of Na3PO4: 0.150 mol/L × 0.100 L = 0.015 mol

Moles of Ca(NO3)2: 3/2 times Na3PO4 (3:2 ratio) = 0.0225 mol

Volume of Ca(NO3)2: 0.0225 mol / 0.250 mol/L = 0.090 L or 90.0 mL

3. How many liters of hydrogen gas are produced at STP when 10.0 g of zinc metal reacts with
excess sulfuric acid?

Balanced equation: Zn(s) + H2SO4(aq) → ZnSO4(aq) + H2(g)

Moles of Zn: 10.0 g / 65.38 g/mol = 0.153 mol

Moles of H2: same as Zn (1:1 ratio) = 0.153 mol

Volume of H2: 0.153 mol × 22.4 L/mol = 3.43 L

 4. How many grams of oxygen gas are required to completely combust 2.50 L of propane gas
(C3H8) at STP?

Balanced equation: C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) → 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(l)

Moles of C3H8: 2.50 L / 22.4 L/mol = 0.112 mol

Moles of O2: 5 times C3H8 (5:1 ratio) = 0.560 mol

Mass of O2: 0.560 mol × 32.00 g/mol = 17.9 g

5. How many milligrams of silver chloride are formed when 5.00 mL of 0.0200 M silver nitrate
reacts with 10.00 mL of 0.0100 M sodium chloride?

Balanced equation: AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) → AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq)

Moles of AgNO3: 0.0200 mol/L × 0.00500 L = 0.000100 mol

Moles of NaCl: 0.0100 mol/L × 0.01000 L = 0.000100 mol

Moles of AgCl: limited by AgNO3 (1:1 ratio) = 0.000100 mol

Mass of AgCl: 0.000100 mol × 143.32 g/mol = 0.0143 g or 14.3 mg