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Objectives:
• Can be diluted from the stock solution or prepared directly from the
reagent chemical following the recommended procedures
Types of solution
1.solid solution: - are mixtures of two or more solids and they are
dispersed or mixed randomly throughout one another resulting a
heterogeneous mixture. Eg. Alloys
2.Gaseous solution :-is a homogeneous mixture of two or more
gases
E.g. Air is a solution of O2, N2, H2, CO2 & other gases.
3. Liquid solution: - is a solution where the solvent liquid &
solute are also liquid but it can be solid or gas.
• Making a Solution: What You Need to Know
a. Dilute solution
- Small amount of solute dissolved in large amount of solvent
Example, 00001M NaOH, 1% H2SO4
b. Concentrated solution
Large amount of solute dissolved in a small amount of
solvents Example, 98% H2SO4, 37%
Relative expressions of the concentrations
c. Saturated
• It is one in which a given volume of solvent has dissolved all the
solute that it can under a given condition of temperature and pressure.
A super saturated solution is a solution which holds more solute than it can
hold normally at a given Temperature and pressure.
2. Quantitative expressions of concentration of solution
• The concentration of solutes in a solution can be expressed quantitatively in
physical unties or chemical units.
A. Physical unit:
• Percentages B. Chemical units.
• Parts per unit • Mole
• Density • Equivalents
• Specific gravity • Molarity
• Normality
• Molality
Quantitative expressions…..
1. Percentage
A. Percentage weight by weight % w/w
• This is the number of parts of solute by weight per 100 parts solution
by weight.
Example: - 37gm%w/w HCL means each 100 gm of HCL solution
contain 37gm of HCL and the rest 63 gm solvent (water)
B. Percentage weight by volume (%w/v)
• It is the number of parts of solvents by weight per 100 parts of solution by
volume.
Example:- 98 gm% w/v glucose solution means, 98gm glucose was dissolved in 100
ml solution.
C. Percentage volume by volume % V/V
• It is the number of parts of solute by volume per 100 parts of solute
Example :- 70% V/V ethanol means,70ml of ethanol was mixed with 30ml of
water.
Quantitative expressions…..
• Problem 1, How can the following solutions be prepared?
• A dilution represents the ratio of the concentrated or stock material of the total final
volume of a solution.
• Simple dilution
• A general process of preparing less concentration solutions from a solution of greater
concentration.
• Serial dilution
• It is defined as multiple progressive dilutions ranging from more concentrated
solutions to less concentrated solutions
Quantitative expressions…..
Dilution con’t…
C1 x V1 = C2 x V2
Quantitative expressions…..
• To make a complex solution with two or more solid solutes, treat each
solute individually
Example:- How can you prepare 2mole of glucose per liter of aqueous solution?
Solution ?????
Quantitative expressions…..
Molar solution (Molarity ) – Moles/Liter; mols/L (M)
• A molar solution is the solutions which contains 1 mole of the
solute per litter of solution. Or a molar solution which contains
one gram molecular weight of a solute per liter of solution.
Simple formula to calculate Morality
Mol wt of NaOH= 40 gm
Quantitative expressions…..
Problems: