CH 2 - Optical Systems..

Dr.-Ing.
Ahmed Said, PhD in Electrical Engineering, Paderborn University, Germany

http://digital.ub.uni-paderborn.de/hs/content/titleinfo/4674
Ch 2: Optical Systems
Law of Reflection
The angle of incidence equals
the angle of reflection.
Index of Refraction, n
The index of refraction of a
substance is the ratio of the speed
in light in a vacuum to the speed
of light in that substance:
c
n= v
Dr.-Ing. Ahmed Said, PhD in Electrical Engineering, Paderborn University, Germany
EXAMPLE 1
Two mirrors make an angle of 120° with each other, as
shown in the figure. A ray is incident on mirror M1 at an
angle of 65° to the normal. Find the angle the ray makes
with the normal to
M2 after it is
reflected from both
mirrors.
Solution
As the wave moves from medium 1 to

medium 2, its wavelength changes, but
its frequency remains constant.
Both the wave speed and the wavelength do change, but the
frequency remains the same.
The dependence of the index of

refraction on wavelength is called
dispersion. Because n is a function of
wavelength, Snell’s law indicates that
the angle of refraction made when
light enters a material depends on the
wavelength of the light. As seen in the
figure, the index of refraction for a
material usually decreases with
increasing wavelength.
Note that a large index of refraction corresponds to a relatively slow

light speed in that medium.
Snell's law of refraction

 Snell’s law is the relationship between the angles of
incidence and refraction and the index of refraction of both
materials.
Angle of
Angle of
incidence
refraction
n1 sin Ө1 = n2 sin Ө2
Index of Index of
refraction of refraction of
incident refractive
material material
EXAMPLE 2
A light ray traveling through air is incident on a smooth,
flat slab of glass (n = 1.52) at an angle of 30° to the
normal, as shown in the figure. Find the angle of
refraction.
Solution
EXAMPLE 3
Light of wavelength 589 nm in vacuum passes through a piece of
quartz of index of refraction n = 1.458. (a) Find the speed of light
in quartz. (b) What is the wavelength of this light in quartz? (c)
What is the frequency of the light in quartz?
Solution
EXAMPLE 4
A light beam traveling through a transparent medium of index of
refraction n1 passes through a thick transparent slab with parallel
faces and index of refraction n2 as shown in the figure. Show that
the emerging beam is parallel to the incident beam. Solution
Solution
EXAMPLE 6
Suppose you wish to redesign the system to decrease the initial
width of the beam from 0.7 mm to 0.6 mm, but leave the incident
angle ϴ1 = 25.7º and all other
parameters the same as before,
except the index of refraction for
the plastic material (n2) and the
angle ϴ2. What index of refraction
should the plastic have?
Answer 1.79
EXAMPLE 7
1. Find the first angle of
refraction. 19.4712º
2. Find angle ø. 79.4712º
Air, n1 = 1 3. Find the second angle of
30 incidence. 10.5288º
° 4. Find the second angle of
refraction, .
Horiz. ray, 15.9º
parallel to
ø
base 
Glass, n2 = 1.5
EXAMPLE 8
(a) Find d, (b) Find the time the light spends in the glass, & (c) Find  if
bottom medium is replaced with air.
20º
H20
n1 = 1.3
glass
10m
n2 = 1.5
d
 H20
 1.3 sin 20 = 1.5 sin 2 2 = 17.24º
10 / c = cos 17.24º x = 10.47 m
20º 3 = 2.76 º
H20
n1 = 1.3 d / 10.47 = sin 2.76 º
3 glass d = 0.504 m
10m 2
n2 = 1.5
t = 1.5 X 10.47/ C = 5.2 x 10 - 8 s
d
 H20
 1.5 sin 17.24 = 1 sin 
 = 26.4º
EXAMPLE 9 Find the exit angle  .
30°
air =?
Glass
n = 1.5
The triangle is isosceles.

Incident ray is horizontal,
parallel to the base.
n2 n1 > n 2
The critical angle c is the angle of
n1
incidence that produces an angle of c
refraction of 90º. If the angle of
incidence exceeds the critical angle, From Snell,
the ray is completely reflected and n1 sinc = n2 sin 90
does not enter the new medium. A Since sin 90 = 1, we
critical angle only exists when light is have n1 sinc = n2 and

the critical angle is
attempting to penetrate a medium of
n
c = sin
lower refractive index than it is -1 2
currently traveling in. n1

EXAMPLE 10
Calculate the critical angle for the diamond-air boundary. What will
happen to any light shone on this boundary beyond this angle?
c = sin-1 (n2 / n1)

= sin-1 (1 / 2.42)
air
= 24.4
c Any light shone on this
boundary beyond this angle
Diamond n = 2.42 will be reflected back into the
diamond.
EXAMPLE 11
(a) Find the critical angle for a water–air boundary if the index
of refraction of water is 1.33.
Solution
Total Internal Reflection

Total internal reflection occurs when light attempts to pass from a more
optically dense medium to a less optically dense medium at an angle
greater than the critical angle. When this occurs there is no refraction,
only reflection.
n2 n1 > n1
n1   > c
Total internal reflection can be used for practical applications like fiber
optics.
Fiber Optics
Fiber optic are strands of glass or transparent
fibers that allows the transmission of light and
digital information over long distances. They
are used for the telephone system, the cable TV
system, the internet, medical imaging, and
spool of optical fiber mechanical engineering inspection.
Optical fibers have many advantages over

copper wires. They are less expensive,
thinner, lightweight, and more flexible. They
aren’t flammable since they use light signals
instead of electric signals. Light signals from
one fiber do not interfere with signals in
nearby fibers, which means clearer TV
reception or phone conversations. A fiber optic wire
Fiber optics are often long strands

of very pure glass. They are very
thin, about the size of a human
hair. Hundreds to thousands of
them are arranged in bundles
(optical cables) that can transmit
light great distances. There are
three main parts to an optical
fiber:
• Core- the thin glass center where light travels.

• Cladding- optical material (with a lower index of refraction than
the core) that surrounds the core that reflects light back into the core.
• Buffer Coating- plastic coating on the outside of an optical fiber to
protect it from damage.
Light travels through the core of a There are two types of optical
fiber optic by continually reflecting fibers:
off of the cladding. Due to total • Single-mode fibers- transmit
internal reflection, the cladding does one signal per fiber (used in
not absorb any of the light, allowing cable TV and telephones).
the light to travel over great
distances. Some of the light signal • Multi-mode fibers- transmit
will degrade over time due to multiple signals per fiber (used
impurities in the glass. in computer networks).
1. The image is as far behind the

mirror as the object is in front.
2. The image is unmagnified, virtual,
and upright.
For a flat mirror, M = 1

because h ́ = h.
EXAMPLE 12 A man 1.8 m tall stands in front of a mirror

and sees his full height, no more and no less. If his eyes
are 0.14 m from the top of his head, what is the
minimum height of the mirror?
Exercise.1: How large should the mirror be if he wants

to see only the upper third of his body? Answer 0.3 m
Concave and Convex Mirrors

Concave and convex mirrors are curved mirrors similar to portions
of a sphere.
light rays light rays
Concave mirrors reflect light Convex mirrors reflect light

from their inner surface, like from their outer surface, like
the inside of a spoon. the outside of a spoon.
Concave Mirrors
• Concave mirrors are approximately spherical and have a principal
axis that goes through the center, C, of the imagined sphere and ends
at the point at the center of the mirror, A. The principal axis is
perpendicular to the surface of the mirror at A.
• CA is the radius of the sphere,or the radius
of curvature of the mirror, R .
• Halfway between C and A is the focal
point of the mirror, F. This is the point
where rays parallel to the principal axis will
converge when reflected off the mirror.
• The length of FA is the focal length, f.
• The focal length is half of the radius of the
sphere (proven on next slide).
R = 2f
Focusing Light with Concave Mirrors
Light rays parallel to the

principal axis will be
reflected through the focus
In reverse, light rays passing

through the focus will be
reflected parallel to the
principal axis.
Concave Mirrors: Object beyond C

The image formed
object when an object is
placed beyond C is
•C •F located between C and
image F. It is a real, inverted
image that is smaller in
size than the object.
Concave Mirrors: Object between C and F
The image formed
object
when an object is
placed between C and F
•C •F
is located beyond C. It
image is a real, inverted image
that is larger in size
than the object.
Concave Mirrors: Object in front of F

The image formed
when an object is
placed in front of F is
object located behind the
image
mirror. It is a virtual,
•C •F upright image that is
larger in size than the
object. It is virtual
since it is formed only
where light rays seem
to be diverging from.
Concave Mirrors: Object at C or F

When an object is placed at C
The image will be formed at C also, but it
will be inverted. It will be real and the
same size as the object.
When an object is placed at F
No image will be formed. All rays will

reflect parallel to the principal axis and
will never converge. The image is “at
infinity.”
Convex Mirrors
• A convex mirror has the
same basic properties as a light rays
concave mirror but its focus
and center are located behind
the mirror.
• This means a convex mirror
has a negative focal length • Rays parallel to the principal
axis will reflect as if coming
• Light rays reflected from
from the focus behind the
convex mirrors always
mirror.
diverge, so only virtual
images will be formed. • Rays approaching the mirror
on a path toward F will reflect
parallel to the principal axis.
Convex Mirror Diagram

The image formed by
a convex mirror no
matter where the
object object is placed will
image
be virtual, upright,
•F •C and smaller than the
object. As the object
is moved closer to the
mirror, the image will
approach the size of
the object.
Mirror Equation
f = focal length
1 1 1
di = image distance
f = di + do
do = object distance
+ for real image

di
- for virtual image
+ for concave mirrors

f
- for convex mirrors
Magnification
hi
By definition, m =
ho hi -di
m= =
m = magnification ho do
hi = image height (negative means inverted)
ho = object height
Magnification is simply the ratio of image height

to object height. A positive magnification means
an upright image.
EXAMPLE 13
Assume that a certain concave spherical mirror has a
focal length of 10 cm. (a) Locate the image and find the
magnification for an object distance of 25 cm. Determine
the properties of the image. Do the same for object
distances of (b) 10 cm and (c) 5 cm.
Because q is positive, the image

is real.
The image is smaller & inverted
No image will be formed

since the image is at infinity.
The magnification is infinite, also.

The image is virtual because q is negative.

The image is larger and upright
Exercise.2 If the object distance is 20 cm, find the image

distance, the magnification of the mirror & the properties of the
image. Answer q = 20 cm, M = 1
EXAMPLE 14
An object 3 cm high is placed 20 cm from a convex
mirror with a focal length of 8 cm. Find (a) the position of
the image, (b) the magnification of the mirror, (c) the
height of the image and (d) the properties of the image.
The image is virtual, smaller & upright

Exercise 3
Suppose the object is moved so it is 4 cm from the same
mirror. Repeat parts (a)–(d).
Answer (a) 2.67 cm (b) 0.668 (c) 2 cm (d) the image is upright,
smaller and virtual.
Exercise 4
Suppose a fun-house mirror makes you appear to have one-third
your normal height. If you are 1.2 m away from the mirror, find its
focal length. Is the mirror concave or convex?
Answer: ‒ 0.6 m, convex
EXAMPLE 15: When a woman stands with her face 40

cm from a cosmetic mirror, the upright image is twice as
tall as her face. What is the focal length of the mirror?
EXAMPLE 16
Suppose AllStar, who is 3 and

a half feet tall, stands 27 feet
•C •F in front of a concave mirror
with a radius of curvature of
20 feet. Where will his image
be reflected and what will its
size be?
ho = 3.5 feet
do = 27 feet di = 15.88 feet
f = R/2 = 10 feet hi = - 2.06 feet

EXAMPLE 17
Casey finds a convex
mirror to stand in front
of. She sees her image
reflected 7 feet behind
the mirror which has a
•F •C focal length of 11 feet.
Her image is 1 foot tall.
Where is she standing
and how tall is she?
f = -11 feet di = -7 feet do =19.25 feet

hi = 1 feet ho = 2.75 feet
Lenses Convex (Converging)

Lens
Lenses are made of transparent
materials, like glass or plastic, that
typically have an index of refraction
greater than that of air. Each of a lens’
two faces is part of a sphere and can be
convex or concave (or one face may be
flat). If a lens is thicker at the center Concave (Diverging)
than the edges, it is a convex, or Lens
converging, lens since parallel rays will
be converged to meet at the focus. A
lens which is thinner in the center than
the edges is a concave, or diverging,
lens since rays going through it will be
spread out.
Lenses: Focal Length

• Like mirrors, lenses have a principal axis perpendicular to their
surface and passing through their midpoint.
• Lenses also have a vertical axis, or principal plane, through their
middle.
• They have a focal point, F, and the focal length is the distance from
the vertical axis to F.
• There is no real center of curvature, so 2F is used to denote twice
the focal length.
Drawing ray diagrams

 A ray diagram is the best way to understand what type of image
is formed by a lens, and whether the image is magnified or
inverted. These three rays follow the rules for how light rays are
bent by the lens:
1. A light ray passing through the center of the lens is not

deflected at all (A).
2. A light ray parallel to the axis passes through the far focal
point (B).
3. A light ray passing through the near focal point emerges

parallel to the axis (C).
Convex Lenses
Rays traveling parallel to the principal •2F •F •F 2F
•
axis of a convex lens will refract toward
the focus.
Rays traveling from the focus will

•2F •F •F 2F
• refract parallel to the principal axis.
Rays traveling directly through the center

of a convex lens will leave the lens
traveling in the exact same direction. •2F •F •F 2F
•
Convex Lens: Object Beyond 2F
The image formed

when an object is
object
placed beyond 2F
is located behind
•2F •F •F •2F the lens between F
and 2F. It is a real,
image inverted image
which is smaller
than the object
itself.
Convex Lens: Object Between 2F and F
The image formed

object when an object is
placed between
2F and F is
•2F •F •F •2F located beyond 2F
behind the lens. It
is a real, inverted
image image, larger than
the object.
Convex Lens: Object within F

The image formed when an
object is placed in front of
F is located somewhere
image beyond F on the same side
of the lens as the object. It
•2F •F •F •2F is a virtual, upright image
which is larger than the
object object. This is how a
magnifying glass works.
When the object is brought
close to the lens, it will be
convex lens used magnified greatly.
as a magnifier
EXAMPLE 18
A converging lens of focal length 10 cm forms images of
an object situated at various distances. (a) If the object
is placed 30 cm from the lens, locate the image, state
image properties, and find its magnification. (b) Repeat
the problem when the object is at 10 cm and (c) again
when the object is 5 cm from the lens.
The image is real, inverted

and smaller than the object
No image will be formed since the image is at infinity.

The image is virtual, upright and larger than the object

Exercise 5
Suppose the image of an object is upright and magnified 1.75
times when the object is placed 15 cm from a lens. Find the
location of the image and the focal length of the lens.
Answers (a) 26.3 cm (virtual) (b) 34.9 cm
EXAMPLE 19
Two converging lenses are placed 20 cm apart, as
shown in the figure, with an object 30 cm in front
of lens 1 on the left. (a) If lens 1 has a focal length of 10
cm, locate the image formed by this lens and determine
its magnification. (b) If lens 2 on the right has a focal
length of 20 cm, locate the final
image formed and find the total
magnification of the system.
Concave Lenses
Rays traveling parallel to the
2• •F •F 2• principal axis of a concave lens will
refract as if coming from the focus.
F F
Rays traveling toward the

focus will refract parallel to •2F •F •F 2•
the principal axis.
F
Rays traveling directly through the

center of a concave lens will leave
•2F •F •F 2• the lens traveling in the exact same
direction, just as with a convex lens.
F
Concave Lens Diagram
No matter where the

object is placed, the
object image will be on the
same side as the
•2F •F •F •2F
image object. The image is
virtual, upright, and
smaller than the object
with a concave lens.
Lens Sign Convention

f = focal length
1 1 1
= + di = image distance
f di do
do = object distance
+ for real image

di
- for virtual image
+ for convex lenses

f
- for concave lenses
EXAMPLE 20: A diverging lens of focal length 10 cm

forms images of an object situated at various distances.
(a) If the object is placed 30 cm from the lens, locate the
image, state the properties of the image, and find its
magnification. (b) Repeat the problem when the object is
at 10 cm and (c) again when the object is 5 cm from the
lens.
The image is virtual, upright & smaller

The image is virtual, upright

& smaller
The image is virtual, upright & smaller
Exercise 6
Repeat the calculation, finding the position of the image and the
magnification if the object is 20 cm from the lens.
Answers q = 6.67 cm, M = 0.334

Exercise 7
 Calculate the location of the image if the object is 6 cm in front

of a converging lens with a focal length of 4 cm.
EXAMPLE 21
Tooter, who stands 4 feet
tall finds himself 24 feet
in front of a convex lens
and he sees his image
reflected 35 feet behind
•2F •F •F •2F the lens. What is the
focal length of the lens
and how tall is his
image?
f = 14.24 feet
ho = 4 feet do = 24 feet
hi = - 5.83 feet
di = 35 feet
Optical Systems
 An optical system is a collection of mirrors, lenses, prisms, or
other optical elements that performs a useful function with light.
 Characteristics of optical systems are:

— The location, type, and magnification of the image.
— The amount of light that is collected.
— The accuracy of the image in terms of sharpness, color, and
distortion.
— The ability to change the image, like a telephoto lens on a
camera.
— The ability to record the image on film or electronically.
Sheet 1
1- A cup of water sitting on a table outside in the sunlight
is filled to the top. The sun happens to be 52o above the
horizon and you notice the bottom of the cup has just
become completely shaded.
The cup has a depth of 20 cm
and you realize you can
calculate the width of the bottom
of the cup. Find the width in cm.
(w = 10.44 cm)
2. Two mirrors make an angle of 100° with each other,

as shown in the figure. A ray is incident on mirror M1 at
an angle of 55° to the normal. Find the angle the ray
makes with the normal to M2 after it is reflected from
both mirrors.
55 100
Answer 45°
3. Light with wavelength 589 nm passes through

crystalline sodium chloride (n=1.544). Find (a) the speed
of light in this medium, (b) the wavelength, and (c) the
frequency of the light.
4. Suppose the ray, in air with n= 1, enters a slab with n=

2.5 at a 45° angle with respect to the normal, then exits
the bottom of the slab into water, with n= 1.33. At what
angle to the normal does the ray leave the slab?
Answer 32.1°
5. Suppose a layer of oil with n = 1.5 coats the surface of the

water n=1.33. What is the critical angle for total internal reflection
for light traveling in the oil layer and encountering the oil-water
boundary? Answer 62.7°
6. The two mirrors in the figure meet at a right angle. The beam of
light in the vertical plane P strikes
mirror 1 as shown. (a) Determine the
distance the reflected light beam
travels before striking mirror 2. (b) In
what direction does the light beam
travel after being reflected from mirror 2?
7. Light is incident normal to a 1 cm layer of water (n=1.33) that

lies on top of a flat Lucite plate (n =1.59) with a thickness of 0.5
cm. How much more time is required for light to pass through this
double layer than is required to traverse the same distance in air?
8. A laser beam is incident at an angle of 30° to the vertical onto a

solution of corn syrup in water. If the beam is refracted to 19.24°
to the vertical, (a) what is the index of refraction of the syrup
solution? Suppose the light is red, with wavelength 632.8 nm in a
vacuum. Find its (b) wavelength, (c) frequency, and (d) speed in
the solution.
9. Light of wavelength λ0 in a vacuum has a wavelength of 438 nm in

water (n=1.33) and a wavelength of 390 nm in benzene. (a) What is the
wavelength λ0? (b) determine the ratio of the index of refraction of
benzene to that of water.
10. A ray of light is incident on the surface of a block of ice (n = 1.31) at

an angle of 40° with the normal. Part of the light is reflected and part is
refracted. Find the angle between the reflected and refracted light.
11. A flashlight on the bottom of a 4 m deep swimming pool sends a ray

upward and at an angle so that the ray strikes the surface of the water 2
m from the point directly above the flashlight. What angle does the
emerging ray make with the water’s surface (n=1.33)?
12. How many times will the incident beam
shown in the figure be reflected by each of the
parallel mirrors?
13. A ray of light strikes a flat 2 cm-thick block of

glass (n =1.5) at an angle of 30° with the normal
(see the figure). find (a) the first angle of
refraction, (b) Find the value of d, & (c) Find the
time required for the light to pass through the
glass.
n = 1.48
14. For the light beam shown in the figure,
Determine the angles ϴ and ϴ́ . n = 1.33
15. A submarine is 300 m horizontally out from the shore and 100
m beneath the surface of the water. A laser beam is sent from the
sub so that it strikes the surface of the water at a point 210 m from
the shore. If the beam just strikes the top of a building standing
directly at the water’s edge, find the height of the building.
16. Two light pulses are emitted simultaneously from a source.

The pulses take parallel paths to a detector 6.2 m away, but one
moves through air and the other through a block of ice (n = 1.31).
Determine the difference in the pulses’ times of arrival at the
detector
17. A narrow beam of ultrasonic waves

reflects off the liver tumor in the figure. If
the speed of the wave is 10 % less in
the liver than in the surrounding
medium, determine the depth of the
tumor.
18. For the figure shown, find the angle of

incidence, ϴ , in the air.
1
19. An opaque cylindrical tank with an open top has a diameter of 3 m
and is completely filled with water. When the afternoon Sun reaches an
angle of 28° above the horizon, sunlight ceases to illuminate the bottom
of the tank. How deep is the tank?
20. Three sheets of plastic have unknown indices of refraction. Sheet 1
is placed on top of sheet 2, and a laser beam is directed onto the sheets
from above so that it strikes the interface at an angle of 26.5° with the
normal. The refracted beam in sheet 2 makes an angle of 31.7° with the
normal. The experiment is repeated with sheet 3 on top of sheet 2, and
with the same angle of incidence, the refracted beam makes an angle of
36.7° with the normal. If the experiment is repeated again with sheet 1
on top of sheet 3, what is the expected angle of refraction in sheet 3?
Assume the same angle of incidence.
21. Calculate the critical angles for the following materials when
surrounded by air: (a) zircon (n = 1.923), (b) fluorite (n = 1.434),
and (c) ice (n=1.31).
22. Calculate the critical angle for the following materials

surrounded by water: (a) diamond (n = 2.42) & (b) flint glass (n =
1.66).
23. A beam of light is incident from air on the surface of a liquid. If

the angle of incidence is 30° and the angle of refraction is 22°, find
the critical angle for the liquid when surrounded by air.
24. A plastic light pipe has an index of refraction of 1.53. For total
internal reflection, what is the minimum angle of incidence if the
pipe is in (a) air? (b) water?
25. Determine the maximum angle ϴ for which the light rays
incident on the end of the light pipe in the figure are subject to
total internal reflection along the walls of the pipe. Assume that the
light pipe has an index of refraction of
1.36 and that the outside medium
is air.
26. Light containing wavelengths of 400 nm,

500 nm, and 650 nm is incident from air on a
block of crown glass at an angle of 25°. (a)
Are all colors refracted alike, or is one color
bent more than the others? (b) Calculate the
angle of refraction in each case to verify
your answer.
27. The light beam in the figure strikes

surface 2 at the critical angle. Determine the
angle of incidence, ϴi.
28. A cylindrical tank with an open top has a diameter of 3 m and is
completely filled with water. When the afternoon Sun reaches an angle
of 28° above the horizon, sunlight ceases to illuminate the bottom of the
tank. How deep is the tank?
29. The index of refraction for red light in water is 1.331, and that for
blue light is 1.34. If a ray of white light enters the water at an angle of
incidence of 83°, what are the underwater angles of refraction for the
blue and red components of the light?
31. A certain kind of glass has an index of refraction of 1.65 for blue light
of wavelength 430 nm and an index of 1.615 for red light of wavelength
680 nm. If a beam containing these two colors is incident at an angle of
30° on a piece of this glass, what is the angle between the two beams
inside the glass?
32. A light ray is incident at an angle Ө on the top surface of a

block of polystyrene (n = 1.49) surrounded by air, as shown in the
figure (a) Find the maximum value of Ө for which the refracted ray
will undergo total internal reflection at the left vertical face of the
block. (b) Repeat the calculation for the case in which the
polystyrene block is immersed in water (n = 1.33). (c) What
happens if the block is immersed in carbon disulfide (n = 1.628)?
33. The figure shows the path of a beam of light through several
layers with different indices of refraction. (a) If Ө1 = 30 °, what is
the angle Ө2 of the emerging beam? (b) What must the incident
angle Ө1 be in order to have total internal reflection at the surface
between the medium with n = 1.2 and the medium with n = 1?
34. As shown in the figure, a light ray is incident normal to on one

face of a prism of dense flint glass that is immersed in water. (a)
Determine the exit angle Ө4 of the ray. (b) A substance is
dissolved in the water to increase the index of refraction. At what
value of n2 does total internal reflection cease at point P ?
35. A narrow beam of light is incident from air onto a glass surface
with index of refraction 1.56. Find the angle of incidence for which
the corresponding angle of refraction is one-half the angle of
incidence.
36. A light ray traveling in air is incident on one face of a right
angle prism with index of refraction n=1.5, as shown in the figure.
Assuming that Ө = 60° and the base
of the prism is mirrored, determine
the angle made by the outgoing ray
with the normal to the right face of
the prism.
37. A piece of wire is bent through an angle Ө. The bent wire is

partially submerged in benzene (index of refraction = 1.50), so
that, to a person looking along the dry part, the wire appears to be
straight and makes an angle of 30° with the horizontal. Determine
the value of Ө.
38. A transparent cylinder of radius R = 2 m has a mirrored
surface on its right half, as shown in the figure. A light ray traveling
in air is incident on the left side of the cylinder. The incident light
ray and the exiting light ray are
parallel, and d = 2 m. Determine the
index of refraction of the material.
39. A laser beam strikes one end of a slab of material, as in the

figure. The index of refraction of the slab is 1.48. Determine the
number of internal reflections of
the beam before it emerges from
the opposite end of the slab.
40. A light ray incident on a prism is refracted at the first surface,
as shown in the figure. Find, in terms of n and , the smallest
allowed value of the angle of incidence
at the first surface for which the refracted
ray will not undergo total internal
reflection at the second surface.
41. A light ray enters a rectangular block of plastic at an angle

Ө1 = 45° and emerges at an angle Ө2 = 76°, as shown in the
figure. (a) Determine the index of refraction of the plastic. (b) If the
light ray enters the plastic at a point L = 50 cm from the bottom
edge, how long does it take the light ray to travel through the
plastic?

CH 2 - Optical Systems..

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

CH 2 - Optical Systems..

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Dr.-Ing.

Ahmed Said, PhD in Electrical Engineering, Paderborn University, Germany

As the wave moves from medium 1 to

The dependence of the index of

Note that a large index of refraction corresponds to a relatively slow

Snell's law of refraction

 1.3 sin 20 = 1.5 sin 2 2 = 17.24º

10 / c = cos 17.24º x = 10.47 m

EXAMPLE 9 Find the exit angle  .

The triangle is isosceles.

critical angle only exists when light is have n1 sinc = n2 and

currently traveling in. n1

c = sin-1 (n2 / n1)

Total Internal Reflection

Optical fibers have many advantages over

Fiber optics are often long strands

• Core- the thin glass center where light travels.

1. The image is as far behind the

For a flat mirror, M = 1

EXAMPLE 12 A man 1.8 m tall stands in front of a mirror

Exercise.1: How large should the mirror be if he wants

Concave and Convex Mirrors

light rays light rays

Concave mirrors reflect light Convex mirrors reflect light

Focusing Light with Concave Mirrors

Light rays parallel to the

In reverse, light rays passing

Concave Mirrors: Object beyond C

Concave Mirrors: Object between C and F

The image formed

Concave Mirrors: Object in front of F

Concave Mirrors: Object at C or F

When an object is placed at F

No image will be formed. All rays will

Convex Mirror Diagram

+ for real image

+ for concave mirrors

Magnification is simply the ratio of image height

Because q is positive, the image

No image will be formed

The magnification is infinite, also.

The image is virtual because q is negative.

Exercise.2 If the object distance is 20 cm, find the image

The image is virtual, smaller & upright

EXAMPLE 15: When a woman stands with her face 40

Suppose AllStar, who is 3 and

f = R/2 = 10 feet hi = - 2.06 feet

f = -11 feet di = -7 feet do =19.25 feet

Lenses Convex (Converging)

Lenses: Focal Length

Drawing ray diagrams

1. A light ray passing through the center of the lens is not

3. A light ray passing through the near focal point emerges

Rays traveling from the focus will

Rays traveling directly through the center

Convex Lens: Object Beyond 2F

The image formed

Convex Lens: Object Between 2F and F

The image formed

Convex Lens: Object within F

The image is real, inverted

No image will be formed since the image is at infinity.

The image is virtual, upright and larger than the object