CH 1 - Vision Systems & Illumination

Dr.-Ing.
Ahmed Said, PhD in Electrical Engineering, Paderborn University, Germany

http://digital.ub.uni-paderborn.de/hs/content/titleinfo/4674
Ch. 1: Vision systems & illumination

Machine vision (Vision systems)
It is the use of digital sensors that are connected to

processing hardware and software algorithms to
visually inspect anything.
It combines image capture and processing systems
with digital cameras and computer networks to direct
equipment, such as manufacturing robots.
Dr.-Ing. Ahmed Said, PhD in Electrical Engineering, Paderborn University, Germany
They are built for visual inspection and control of

industrial applications that require high-speed, high-
magnification, 24-hour operation, and repeatable
measurements.
It is a multi-disciplinary field, including computer

science, optics, mechanical engineering, and
industrial automation.
Machine vision systems offer many benefits than

humans such as:
1- They can perform repetitive tasks faster and more
accurately, with greater consistency over time.
2- They can reduce costs.
3- Increase production.
4- Eliminate costly errors associated with incomplete or
incorrect assembly.
5- They can help automatically identify and correct
manufacturing problems on-line.
6- They can include any number of cameras, all capturing and

signaling individually to a central control.
7- They can perform positioning, identification, verification,
measurement, and defect detection.
Elements of Vision System
1- Camera: Systems will have one or more digital

cameras that record color images and the lenses
attached. To pick the proper lens you will first need to
know the field-of-view “FOV” (the size of the area
you want to capture) and the working distance (the
distance from the front of the camera to the part
being inspected)
2- Trigger: It makes sure that specific action takes

place in response to something the camera sees.
3- Image Processor: A computer program to process
images, detect, measure, compare etc. in order to
confirm a quality criteria has been met.
4- Cables: Input/output hardware (e.g. digital I/O) or
communication links (e.g. Ethernet, USB, Fire wire,
Camera Link, etc.)
In this system, the cameras are in a ring around the

target to ensure that action was captured from
multiple angles
In a bottle fill-level inspection system where bottle passes

through a sensor for inspection, which activates a vision
device to flash a light and take a bottle picture and then the
vision software processes it and decides a pass-fail response.
Machine vision systems can also perform objective

measurements such as using it to pass or fail oil filters (right)
and measure the width of a center tab on a bracket (left). The
system in this example permits only two possible responses,
which characterizes it as a binary system:
1. Pass if the product is good. 2. Fail if the product is bad.
10 reasons to use machine vision

1- High savings potential
Machine vision systems lower your costs.
2- 100% quality check for maximum product quality
Producing quality non-stop, 24 hours a day, 7 days a
week.
3- Safe production
Machine vision guarantees safety.
4- Sustainability
Smooth material flow, considerate use of energy and
resources
5- Stable and optimized processes
Recognizing irregularities in production processes
early.
6-Flexibility
Modern vision systems are flexible.
7- User-friendliness
Ease-of-use and continuance integration into the
production process have been achieved.
8- A technology serving people
Like optimizing traffic flows, training of medical
doctors, waste separation and recycling.
9- Comfortable workplaces
They support workers resulting in a more advanced
and safe workplace.
10- Higher productivity and competitiveness

They enables manufacturing companies to remain
competitive, to prevent an immigration of key
technologies, to generate qualified jobs, and to
capture new markets.
The main applications of a vision system:

1- Measurement.
to measure the critical dimensions of an object within
pre-determined tolerances.
2- Defect detection.
for cosmetic and/or safety reasons.
3- Verification.
for checking that a product has been correctly
manufactured.
illumination
Luminous Flux (F)
Luminous flux (F) is the portion of total radiant power
that is capable of affecting the sense of sight.
The unit for luminous flux (F) is the lumen.
Solid Angle
A solid angle of one steradian R A
(1 sr) is subtended at the
center of a sphere by an area W
A equal to the square of its The A
radius ( R2 ). W 2
Steradian R
Example 2. What solid angle is subtended at

the center of a sphere by an area of 1.6 m2?
The radius of the sphere is 5 m.
A
W 2
R R
5m A
1.6 m2 2
1.60 m
W W
(5.00 m)2
The A
W 2
Steradian R W = 0.0640 sr
Luminous Intensity
The luminous intensity I for a light source
is the luminous flux (F) per unit solid angle.
Luminous intensity:
W F F
I I
W W
Unit is the candela (cd)
A source having an intensity of one candela

emits a flux of one lumen per steradian.
Total flux for Isotropic Source

An isotropic source emits in all directions; i.e., over a
solid angle of 4p steradians.
Thus, for such a source, the W = 4p sr

intensity is:
F F
I 
W 4p
Total flux: F = 4pI

Example 3. A 30 cd spotlight is located 3 m

above a table. The beam is focused on a surface
area of 0.4 m2. Find the intensity of the beam.
Total flux: F = 4pI
FT = 4p(30 cd) = 377 lm W R

3m
The luminous intensity of
the beam depends on W.
A 0.4 m2
W 2  2
; W  0.0444 sr Beam Intensity:
R (3 m)
F 377 754 lm I = 8491 cd
I 
W 0.0444 sr
Illumination of a Surface Illumination, E

The illumination E of a surface A is
defined as the luminous flux per unit
W
area (F/A) in lumens per square meter R
which is renamed a lux (lx).
F Area A
E Unit: lux (lx)
A
Illumination Based on Intensity
The illumination E of a surface is directly
proportional to the intensity I and inversely
proportional to the square of the distance R.
F F
E  ; I  ; F  IW W
A W R
IW A
E but W  2 so that
A R Area A
I This equation applies for
Illumination, E  2 perpendicular surfaces.
R
Example 4. A 400-cd light is located 2.4 m from a
tabletop of area 1.2 m2. What is the illumination and
what flux F falls on the table?
I 400 cd
E 2  Illumination: E = 69.4 lx
R (2.40 m)2
F = EA = (69.4 lx)(1.20 m2) F = 83.3 lm
Sheet 1
1- An isotropic source radiates a total luminous flux of 75 lumens.

What is the luminous intensity of the source? F = 4Л I, (I=5.97 cd)
2- You measure 10 lm/m2 from a light bulb at 1 meter. What will

the illumination be at half the distance
I1 = I2, E1 (R1)2 = E2 (R2)2

(10) (1)2 = E (0.5)2 E = 40 lm/m2
3- A 93.5 cm2 metal sheet is illuminated by a light source located

directly 1.3 m above it. What is the luminous flux falling on the
sheet if the source has an intensity of 200 cd. What is the total
luminous flux emitted by the light source? W  A = 55.33x10-4 sr
R2
(F = I Ω = 1.11 lm, total flux = 4Л I =2513.13 lm)
4- The illumination of a given surface 80 lx when it is 3 m away

from the light source. At what distance will the illumination be 20
lx? E1 (R1)2 = E2 (R2)2 (R = 6 m)
5- At what distance from a wall will a 35 cd lamp provide the same

illumination as an 80 cd lamp located 4 m from the wall?
I
Illumination, E  (R =2.65 m)
R2
6- If the illumination is 36 lx at 1 m, what will be the

illumination at 3 m? (E=I/R2) E1 (R1)2 = E2 (R2)2
(E = 4 lx)
7-
8-
(0.08)(4.5)2 = 1.62 cm2

9- (680 lm/W)
10-
11-
12-
13-
14-
6
15-
36
16-
A 60 W monochromatic source of yellow-green light (680 lm/W)
illuminates a 0.6 m2 surface at a distance of 1m. What is the solid
angle subtended at the source? What is the luminous intensity of
the source
17-
18-
19-
20. A lamp is moved from 30 cm to 90 cm above the

pages of a book. Compare the illumination on the
book before and after the lamp is moved.
І
21. Draw a graph of the

F
illumination produced by F
a lamp with a luminous
flux of 2275 lm at
distances from 0.5 m to
5 m.
F
22. A 64-cd point source of light is 3 m away from a

painting. What is the illumination on the painting in
lux?
Total flux: F = 4pI

F
F
23. A screen is placed between two lamps so that they

illuminate the screen equally. The first lamp emits a
luminous flux of 1445 lm and is 2.5 m from the screen.
What is the distance of the second lamp from the screen
if the luminous flux is 2375 lm?
F1 F2
F
F
24. What is the illumination on a surface that is 3 m

below a 150-W incandescent lamp that emits a
luminous flux of 2275 lm?
F
25. A public school law requires a minimum illumination

of 160 lx at the surface of each student’s desk. An
architect’s specifications call for classroom lights to be
located 2 m above the desks. What is the minimum
luminous flux that the lights must produce?
F
26. Your local public library is planning to remodel the computer

lab. The contractors have purchased fluorescent lamps with a
rated luminous flux of 1750 lm. The desired illumination on the
keyboard surfaces is 175 lx. Assume a single lamp illuminates
each keyboard. What distance above the surface should the lights
be placed to achieve the desired illumination? If the contractors
had also already purchased fixtures to hold the lights that when
installed would be 1.5 m above the keyboard surface, would the
desired illumination be achieved? If not, would the illumination be
greater or less than desired? What change in the lamp’s luminous
flux would be required to achieve the desired illumination?
F F
F
less
F
27. Does one light bulb provide more or less illumination

than two identical light bulbs at twice the distance?
Explain.
F 2F
28. Two lamps illuminate a screen equally from distances

shown in the figure. If lamp A is rated 75 cd, what is
lamp B rated?
29. A light bulb illuminating your computer keyboard

provides only half the illumination that it should. If it is
currently 1 m away, how far should it be to provide the
correct illumination?
I1 = I 2
2 2
Ei di = Ef df
30. A three-way bulb uses 50, 100, or 150 W of electric

power to deliver 665, 1620, or 2285 lm in its three
settings. The bulb is placed 80 cm above a sheet of
paper. If an illumination of at least 175 lx is needed
on the paper, what is the minimum setting that should
be used?
F
F
31. A student wants to

compare the luminous flux of
a light bulb with that of a
F
1750-lm lamp. The light bulb

and the lamp illuminate a
sheet of paper equally. The F1 F2
1750-lm lamp is 1.25 m
away from the sheet of
F2
paper; the light bulb is 1.08
m away. What is the light
bulb’s luminous flux?
32. Write a physics problem with real-life objects for

which the following equation would be part of the
solution: 95 lx = 1100 lm / (4πr2).
SOLUTION:
Possible answer: How far from a 1100 lm light bulb
should you place a screen so that it has an illumination
of 95 lx?
33. A point source of light is 2 m from screen A and

4 m from screen B. How does the illumination at screen
B compare with the illumination at screen A?
E1 (R1)2 = E2 (R2)2
34. A streetlight contains two identical bulbs that are 3.3

m above the ground. If the community wants to save
electrical energy by removing one bulb, how far from the
ground should the streetlight be positioned to have the
same illumination on the

F
ground under the lamp?
F
35. A 110-cd light source is initially 1 m from a screen

and then slowly moved away. Determine the illumination
on the screen originally and for every meter of
increasing distance up to 7 m. Graph the data.
a. What is the shape of the graph?
b. What is the relationship between illumination and

distance shown by the graph?

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Dr.-Ing.

Ahmed Said, PhD in Electrical Engineering, Paderborn University, Germany

Ch. 1: Vision systems & illumination

It is the use of digital sensors that are connected to

They are built for visual inspection and control of

It is a multi-disciplinary field, including computer

Machine vision systems offer many benefits than

6- They can include any number of cameras, all capturing and

Elements of Vision System

1- Camera: Systems will have one or more digital

2- Trigger: It makes sure that specific action takes

In this system, the cameras are in a ring around the

In a bottle fill-level inspection system where bottle passes

Machine vision systems can also perform objective

10 reasons to use machine vision

10- Higher productivity and competitiveness

The main applications of a vision system:

Example 2. What solid angle is subtended at

A source having an intensity of one candela

Total flux for Isotropic Source

Thus, for such a source, the W = 4p sr

Total flux: F = 4pI

Example 3. A 30 cd spotlight is located 3 m

FT = 4p(30 cd) = 377 lm W R

Illumination of a Surface Illumination, E

1- An isotropic source radiates a total luminous flux of 75 lumens.

2- You measure 10 lm/m2 from a light bulb at 1 meter. What will

I1 = I2, E1 (R1)2 = E2 (R2)2

3- A 93.5 cm2 metal sheet is illuminated by a light source located

4- The illumination of a given surface 80 lx when it is 3 m away

5- At what distance from a wall will a 35 cd lamp provide the same

6- If the illumination is 36 lx at 1 m, what will be the

(0.08)(4.5)2 = 1.62 cm2

20. A lamp is moved from 30 cm to 90 cm above the

21. Draw a graph of the

22. A 64-cd point source of light is 3 m away from a

Total flux: F = 4pI

23. A screen is placed between two lamps so that they

24. What is the illumination on a surface that is 3 m

25. A public school law requires a minimum illumination

26. Your local public library is planning to remodel the computer

27. Does one light bulb provide more or less illumination

28. Two lamps illuminate a screen equally from distances

29. A light bulb illuminating your computer keyboard

30. A three-way bulb uses 50, 100, or 150 W of electric

31. A student wants to

1750-lm lamp. The light bulb

32. Write a physics problem with real-life objects for

33. A point source of light is 2 m from screen A and

34. A streetlight contains two identical bulbs that are 3.3

same illumination on the

35. A 110-cd light source is initially 1 m from a screen

b. What is the relationship between illumination and

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