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General Chemistry 2
Quarter 2- Week 2 (Module 9)
Stoichiometric Calculations for Reactions
in Solution

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General Chemistry 2 (SHS-STEM)

Quarter 2 – Week 2 (Module 9): Stoichiometric Calculations for Reactions in Solution

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Regional Director: Gilbert T. Sadsad

Asst. Regional Director: Jessie L. Amin

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Agnes Brosas

Editors/Reviewers: Arlen B. Bertiz

Shirley V. Bataller
Ronaldo C. Reyes
Noel V. Ibis

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MOST ESSENTIAL
LEARNING COMPETENCY

Perform stoichiometric calculations for

reactions in solution

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

At the end of this module, you are expected to:

1. Describe the mole concept;
2. Calculate concentrations of solutions through:
a. mole ratios
b. stoichiometric conversions
c. percent composition,
d. mole fraction, and
e. molarity (M)

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INTRODUCTION
Solutions are just everywhere. It can be the air we breathe which is the solution of
oxygen and nitrogen gases, carbonated drinks (e.g., coca-cola, pepsi) which the carbon
dioxide gas dissolved in water, solutions of coffee and tea, the ocean is a solution which
consists of sodium chloride dissolved in water, the antiseptic tincture of iodine that is the
solution of iodine dissolved in alcohol, the different juices (mixture of fruits and
vegetables) and even our body fluids contains water and dissolved substances such as
glucose and urea and electrolytes such as K+, Na+, Cl-, Mg2+, HCO3-, and HPO42-.

These are concentration of solutions that describe the quantity of a solute that is
contained in a particular quantity of that solution. The concentration of solutes is vital in
controlling the stoichiometry of reactants for reactions that occurs in a solution like
measuring the correct dose of medicine, detecting chemical pollutants like lead and
arsenic and the like.

The homogeneity of solutions happened when a reaction takes place among ions
and molecules dissolved in water or other solvents not on pure solids, liquids or gases.
The chemists are much interested on its microscopic world (atoms, molecules, particles)
and the gap between these atoms and molecules can be classified thru calculations in
grams and kilograms of the solute and solvent present in the solution which becomes the
foundations of the mole concept.

PRE-TEST: Read the following statements and write the letter of your choice.
1. When working with solutions, there are several ways of expressing concentration
of the amount of solute in the solvent. Which of the following common unit of
concentration defined as the number of moles of a solute in one liter of solution?
a) Molality (m)
b) Molarity (M)
c) Mole fraction
d) Limiting reagent

2. Which of the following method of expressing concentration of solution is not

affected by temperature?
a) Molality (m)
b) Molarity (M)
c) Mole fraction
d) Limiting reagent

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3. Three percent by mass of solute means there are 3 g of solute per 100 g of solution
per hundred (pph). But when the concentration of solute present is very low, just
like expressing the amount of carbon dioxide in air (0.0380%), which is more
convenient to use?
a) Parts per trillion (ppt)
b) Parts per billion (ppb)
c) Parts per million (ppm)
d) Parts per thousands (ppt)

4. It comes from the Greek words stoikheion, which means element and metron
which means to measure.
a) Stoicism
b) Stoichiometry
c) Statistician
d) None of the above

5. What is a coefficient in a balanced chemical equation?

a) The number written before a substance to determine the number of mass
that are present in the solution
b) The number used to determine the relative amount of molecules, formula
units, or moles of compounds in the reaction
c) This is an entity that denote the proportion before and after of a certain
reaction
d) This is a number that varies on the conditions that affect reaction rate such
as temperature, pressure, surface area and others

STARTS HERE!
For best familiarization of our topic, below are sample SOLUTIONS that you may
or may not familiar with but are essential as basis of stoichiometric calculations which are
critical for many aspects of our lives.
1. Our body maintains a homeostasis of fluids and electrolyte, but when a condition
happened that alters the composition of body fluids, we can experience convulsions,
come or worst, death. To stop these to happen, the patient may be given intravenous
fluid therapy. A solutions that are compatible with body fluids such as a 5% glucose
or a 0.9% saline are used. But when fused overload (greater fluid input that output)
can cause swelling.

2. Conscious individual tried glutathione to make their skin look lighter. What causes
the skin lightening is that the melanin is being converted to a lighter color and
deactivating the enzyme tyrosinase, which helps produce the pigment. On the other

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hand, glutathione is a low-molecular-weight compound found in the living cells that is
produced naturally by the liver, which were given by the health-care providers as
intravenous to prevent side effects of chemotherapy and to prevent kidney problems
after heart bypass surgery. Glutathione is a tripeptide (cysteine, glycine, and glutamic
acid) found in surprisingly high levels – 5 millimolar – concentrations in most cells.
The importance of glutathione is in its cellular and mitochondrial levels which directly
associated with health and longevity.

3. The pandemic, COVID-19, can be counteracted by boosting our immune system.

One of the requirement is having vitamin C. This vitamin should be taken in the diet
since humans cannot produced and stored it. The good source of Vitamin C are
citrus, other fruits and vegetables, but there are still people take supplemental doses
in hoping the extra doses will help them prevent cold and illnesses. An example is
the ascorbic acid which is a natural-water soluble vitamin (Vitamin C). This is a potent
reducing and antioxidant agent that functions in fighting bacterial infections,
detoxifying reactions and in forming of collagen in fibrous tissue, teeth, bones
connective tissue skin and capillaries.

4. Vinegar is a dilute solution of acetic acid in water. It is usually produced in a

concentrated form and then diluted with water to give a final concentration of 4%-7%
acetic acid; that is, a 4% mass/volume solution contains 4.00 g of acetic acid per 100
mL of solution.

5. When it comes to ethyl alcohol solutions, another concentration unit, called proof, is
commonly used to measure the relative amount of alcohol and water. The proof is
simply twice the percentage. A 50% ethyl alcohol solution is 100 proof. Pure ethyl
alcohol (100%) is 200 proof.

These are just few examples that might excite you to discover/learn more. But let us
view the microscopic world of the atoms, molecules and particles by calculating the
concentration of solutions.

Before we proceed to our main topic, are you familiar with balancing of chemical
equations? If you do, you can SKIP the following discussions and proceed to the main
topic and if not, well let’s have a short review.

In calculating for the stoichiometric calculations of the solutions, it must be a balanced

equations. What is its importance? The balanced equations gave us an understanding
about the molecule to molecule (or mole to mole) relationship between reactants and
products. This is calculated in the stoichiometry of the reaction which noted as the
“currency” of stoichiometry problems.

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Let’s have an example: synthesis of urea
2NH3 + CO2 → NH2(CO)NH2 + H2O
This balanced equation can be read as: 2 ammonia molecules reacts with 1
molecule of carbon dioxide to produce 1 molecule of urea and 1 water molecule
Take note of the following:
1. The equation tells us that two molecules of ammonia are required for each
molecule of carbon dioxide to produce one molecule of urea and one molecule of
water.
2. The number before the compounds is called coefficient. Remember that the
coefficients indicate the numbers of molecules (or moles) of the substances
involved in the reaction. Example N2(g) + 3 H2(g) → 2 NH3(g); there is 1 mole of N2
+ 3 moles of H2 → 2 moles of NH3.

How do we balanced the equations? Follow these simple steps:

1. Before to start balancing the chemical equation, identify first the reactants from
products. Always remember that the reactants are on the left side of your equation
and the products are on the right side. In our given example, 2NH 3 + CO2 are the
reactants and the NH2(CO)NH2 + H2O were the products.
2. Next, determine how many atoms of each element are present on each side of the
equation (take note that elements in the reactants are the same elements in the
product). Take a look at the subscripts, if there’s none, then it consist only one
atom. Example, you have 1 nitrogen in the reactants while there are 2 nitrogen in
the product, (so it is unbalanced), try first to put a coefficient of 2 before NH 3 to
give 2 moles of nitrogen in the reactant which equal to the 2 moles of nitrogen in
the product. So you’re nitrogen is balanced. When you put the 2 coefficient, the
element hydrogen will be distributed with 2 moles multiply the subscript so it gave
you 6 hydrogen. Then check the number of moles of hydrogen in the product
(NH2(CO)NH2 + H2O), so you’ll get 6 which balanced the hydrogen in the reactant
(where do we get 6? From added subscript of hydrogen). Do the same thing with
the rest of the element.

When you balance a chemical equation, you change coefficients but never change
subscripts.

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ARE YOU READY? Let’s start with…

Mole ratios
Based from our introductory topic, we have learned that the coefficients in a
chemical equation indicate the relationships between moles of reactants and products.
We can use this relationships between coefficients to derive conversion factors called
mole ratios. A mole ratio is a ratio between the number of moles of any two of the
substances in a balanced chemical equation.

Example 1:
Potassium (K) reacts with bromine (Br2) to form potassium bromide. In the product,
the salt potassium bromide is prescribed by the veterinarians as an antiepileptic
medication for dogs and cats.
2K(s) + Br2(l) → 2KBr(s)

There are at least 6 mole ratios extracted from the given sample and these are:

2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐵𝑟2 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐵𝑟2 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾𝐵𝑟 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾𝐵𝑟
; 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾𝐵𝑟 ; ; 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾𝐵𝑟 ; ;
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 Br2 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐵𝑟2
Example 2:

Determine all possible mole ratios for the following balanced chemical equation.
4Al(s) + 3O2(g) → 2Al2O3(s)

4 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐴𝑙 3 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂2 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐴𝑙2𝑂3 3 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂2 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐴𝑙2𝑂3 4 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐴𝑙

; ; ; ; ;
3 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂2 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐴𝑙2𝑂3 4 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐴𝑙 4 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐴𝑙 3 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂2 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐴𝑙2𝑂3

WORK ON THIS!

Determine all possible ratios for the following balanced chemical equations.
a) 4Al(s) + 3O2(g) → 2Al2O3(s)
b) 3Fe(s) + 4H2O(l) → Fe3O4(s) + 4H2(g)

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Stoichiometric mole-to-mole conversion

Let’s start with a sample problem,

2K(s) + 2H2O(l) → 2KOH(aq) +

If you can observed, the given equation is already balanced. If in this case you
have 0.0400 mol of potassium being used up, how much hydrogen is being produced?

Remember the process in answering a problem solving? Start with what is known
(Given) and determine the unknown (Find). In this problem, the given is the 0.0400 mol
of potassium and what is being unknown is the number of mols of hydrogen that is being
produced, then multiplied with the mole ratio. Take note that the unit/substance that
should be cancelled is written as divisor.

Start with mols of known,

𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑢𝑛𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛
mols of known x = mols of unknown
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻2
Let’s substitute: 0.0400 mols K x = 0.0200 mol of H2
2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾

Sample Problem 2:

How many moles of ammonia are produced if 4.20 moles of hydrogen are reacted
with an excess of nitrogen. (N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3)

2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝐻3
4.20 mols H2 x x = 2.89 mol NH3
3 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻2

LET’S TRY!
One disadvantage of burning propane (C3H8) is that carbon dioxide (CO2) is one of
the products. The released carbon dioxide increases the concentration of CO2 in the
atmosphere. How many moles of CO2 is produced is produced when 10.0 mol of C3H8 is
burned in excess oxygen in a gas drill?

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Stoichiometric mole-to-mass conversion
Supposed you have the number of moles of a reactant or product in a reaction and
you want to calculate for the mass of another product or reactant, this will follow the mole
to mass conversion.

Let’s have an example, determine the mass of sodium chloride (NaCl), commonly
called table salt, produced when 1.25 mol of chlorine gas (Cl 2) reacts vigorously with
excess sodium. The balanced equation is given for you.

2Na(s) + Cl2(g) → 2NaCl(s)

Solution:
2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙
1.25 mol Cl2 x = 2.50 mol NaCl
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑙2

58.44 𝑔 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙
2.50 mol NaCl x = 146 g NaCl
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙

Where do we get the 58.44g NaCl? It is the molar mass of the substance. Get a
periodic table and look for the mass of Na and Cl, add it up it will give you 58.44g/mol.

Example 2:
Hydrogen sulfide gas burns in oxygen to produce sulfur dioxide and water vapor.
What mass of oxygen gas is consumed in a reaction that produces 4.60 mol SO 2?
2H2S(g) + 3O2(g) → 2SO2(g) + 2H2O(g)

3 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂2
4.60 mol SO2 x 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑆𝑂2 = 6.90 mol O2

31.98 𝑔 𝑂2
6.90 mol O2 x = 220.6 g O2 or 221 g O2
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂2

LET’S TRY!
Titanium is a transition metal used in many alloys because it is extremely strong and
lightweight. Titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) is extracted from titanium oxide (TiO2) using chlorine and
coke (carbon). What is the mass of Cl2 gas is needed to react with 1.25 mol of TiO2?

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Stoichiometric mass-to-mass conversion

This is knowing how much of each reactant to use in order to produce the mass of
product you required.

Let’s consider this example,

Ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3), an important fertilizer, produces dinitrogen oxide

(N2O) and H2O when it decomposes. Determine the mass of H2O produced from the
decomposition of 25.0g of solid NH4NO3. A balanced equation is already given below.

NH4NO3 → N2O(g) + 2H2O(l)

Given: 25.0 g NH4NO3(s)
Find: mass of H2O
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 NH4NO3
Solution: 25.0g NH4NO3 x 80.04 𝑔 NH4NO3 = 0.312 mol NH4NO3

2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻2
0.312 mol NH4NO3 x 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 NH4NO3 = 0.624 mol H2O

18.02 𝑔 𝐻2𝑂
0.624 mol H2O x = 11.2 g H20
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻20

Example 2: What mass of magnesium will be produced when 86.4 g of potassium are
reacted?

MgCl2(s) + 2K(s) → Mg(s) + 2KCl(s)

Given: 86.4 g K
Find: mass of magnesium
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾
Solution: 86.4g K x 39.09 𝑔 𝐾 = 2.21 mol K

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑀𝑔
2.21 mol K x = 1.11 mol Mg
2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾

24.31 𝑔 𝑀𝑔
1.11 mol Mg x = 26.98 g Mg
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑀𝑔

LET’S TRY!
One of the reactions used to inflate automobile air bags involves sodium azide
(NaN3). The balanced equation will be: 2NaN3(s) → 2Na(s) + 3N2(g). Determine the mass of N2
produced from the decomposition of 100.0 g of NaN3.

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Let’s deepen our understanding!

A. Percent Concentration

The amount of solute dissolved in certain amount of solution is called the

concentration of the solution. Although there are many ways to express a concentration,
they all specify a certain amount of solute in a given amount of solution.

𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
Concentration of a solution = 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
1. Mass Percent (%m/m)

➢ It describes the mass of the solute in every 100 grams of solution.

➢ The mass in grams of the solution is the sum of the mass of the solute and the mass
of the solvent.

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 (𝑔)

mass percent (%m/m) = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 (𝑔)+𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 (𝑔) x 100

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 (𝑔)

= 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑔) x 100
Sample Problem 1: Supposed we prepared a solution by mixing 8.00 g of KCl (solute)
with 42.00 g of water (solvent). Together the mass of the solute and mass of solvent give
the mass of the solution (8.00 g + 42.00 g = 50.00 g).

8.00 𝑔 𝐾𝐶𝑙
Sample Solution 1: 50.00 𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 x 100% = 16.0% (m/m)

Sample Problem 2: A saline solution with a mass of 355 g has 36.5 g of NaCl dissolved
in it. What is the mass/mass percent concentration of the solution?

36.5 𝑔 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙
Sample Solution 2: x 100% = 10.28% (m/m)
355 𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

WORK ON THIS!

What is the mass percent of a solution prepared by dissolving 30.0 g NaOH

in 120.0 g of H2O?

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2. Volume percent
➢ Because the volumes of liquids or gases are easily measured, the concentrations
of their solutions are often expressed as volume percent (% v/v)

𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
Volume percent (% v/v) = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 x 100%

Take note: A volume/volume percent is interpreted as the volume of solute in 100 mL of

solution. Like in the wine industry, a label that reads 12% (v/v) means 12 mL of alcohol in
100 mL.

Sample Problem 1: In a solution, there is 111.0 mL (110.605 g) solvent and 5.24 mL

(6.0508 g) solute present in a solution. Find the volume percent.

Sample Solution 1:
5.24 𝑚𝐿 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
% volume = 116.24 𝑚𝐿 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 x 100% = 4.51%
Sample Problem 2: If a solution is made by adding 40 mL of ethanol to 20 mL of water,
what is its percent volume?

40 𝑚𝐿 𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑙
Sample Solution: % volume = 240 𝑚𝐿 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 16.7 %

Mass/Volume Percent

➢ A mass/volume percent (% m/v), or weight/volume percent (% w/v), is calculated

by dividing the grams of the solute by the volume (mL) of solution and multiplying
by 100.
➢ This is widely used in hospitals and pharmacies, the preparation of intravenous
solutions and medicines involves the mass/volume percent.
𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
Mass/volume % = 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 x 100%

Sample Problem 1: A solution prepared by dissolving 5.0 g KI in enough water to give a

final volume of 250 mL is a 2.0% (m/v) KI solution.

Sample Solution 1:
5.0 𝑔 𝐾𝐼
Mass/volume % = 250 𝑚𝐿 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 x 100% = 2.0% (m/v) KI

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Sample Problem 2: In a solution, there is 111.0 mL (110.605 g) solvent and 5.24 mL
(6.0508 g) solute present in a solution. Find its mass per volume.

6.0508 𝑔
Sample Solution 2: mass/volume % = 116.24 𝑚𝐿 x 100% = 5.205%

WORK ON THIS!

A topical antibiotic is 1.0% (m/v) Clindamycin. How many grams of

Clindamycin are in 60 mL of the 1.0% (m/v) solution?

B. Molarity

➢ Molarity (M) is a concentration that states the number of moles of solute in exactly
1 liter of solution. Note that when discussing molarity, the volume must always be in
liters (L).
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑛
Molarity (M) = 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 or M = 𝑉
➢ The volume of a solution is affected by temperature so molarity may change if the
temperature is changed.

Sample Problem 3: If 1.0 mole of NaCl were dissolved in enough water to prepare
1.0 L of solution, what will be the resulting NaCl solution?
Sample Solution 3:

𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 1.0 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙

M = 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = = 1.0 M NaCl
1𝐿

What if you have this kind of problem?

What is the molarity of a solution containing 25.00 g of CuSO 4•5H2O in 350 mL of
water?

Follow these tips:

✓ Find first the number of moles before to get the molarity of a given solution.
✓ If you have this kind of equation, CuSO4•5H2O, how will you get for the number
of moles (or molar mass)? Use your periodic table and get for the mass of each
of the element in the compound. Take note, the number of mole is the number
written in subscript and to get for the molar mass, just multiply the number of
moles with the mass of a given element)

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If you do not know how to get for the molar mass, I’ll show you how;

CuSO4•5H2O
Cu = only 1 mole X mass which is 63.546 g = 63.546 g/mole
S = only 1 mole X 32.056 g = 32.056 g/mole
O = 4 moles X 15.999 = 63.996 g/mole
159.598 g/mole
(just add)
That is for copper sulfate (CuSO4), then let’s have 5H2O
5H2O
H = (5) 2 moles X 1.008 g = 10.08 g/mole
O = (5) 1 mole X 15.999 g = 79.995 g/mole
90.075 g/mole
So, CuSO4•5H2O = 159.598 g/mole + 90.075 g/mole = 249.673 g/mole or
249.7 g/mole.

Let’s continue, find first the mole then proceed to get for the molarity (M),

25.00 𝑔
n = 249.7 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙 = 0.1001 mol

0.1001 𝑚𝑜𝑙
M= = 0.286 mol/L
0.350 𝐿

Let’s have another sample:

A solution of HCl is 1.258 mol/L. what volume of this solution is required to obtain
0.258 moles? To obtain 2.00 moles?

Solution: Rearrange the formula for molarity and solve.

n 0.258 𝑚𝑜𝑙
V = 𝑀 = 1.258 𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝐿 = 0.205 L

n 2.00 𝑚𝑜𝑙
V = 𝑀 = 1.258 𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝐿 = 1.58 L

Therefore 205 mL are needed to obtain 0.258 moles, and 1.58 L are required to
obtain 2.00 moles. (Each L contains 1.258 mol; if 0.258 mol are required, less than 1 L is
needed.)

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WORK ON THIS!

What is the molarity (M) of 60.0 g NaOH in 0.250 L of solution?

Find the molarity of a solution made by taking 0.358 g of NaOH and dissolving it to a volume
of 250 mL. What volume of this solution is required to provide 0.560 moles of NaOH?

Dilution of Solutions
➢ A solution is said to have been diluted when the concentration of a solute
present in a solution has decreased.
➢ It may occur via the addition of more solvent (such as water, in the case of
aqueous solutions) or the addition of another solution.
➢ Both additions increase the volume of the original solution. However, when a
solution is diluted, and no chemical reaction takes place, the number of moles
of solute in the original solution does not change.
➢ Because the number of moles of solute do not change when a solution is diluted
(as long as the solvent or solution added to the original solution does not
contain the same solute as the original solution and does not chemically react
with the original solution), the molarity of the solution following dilution may be
calculated using the total volume of the resulting solution.

𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 (𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠)

Molarity =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠)

➢ A commonly used relationship is M1V1 = M2V2. This expression is a shorter way

of expressing the relationship between the concentration of the original solution
and the concentration of the diluted solution.

WORK ON THIS!

45.00 mL of 1.25 M HCl is diluted to a volume of 150 mL. What is the

concentration of the solution in mol/L, after dilution?

Density of a Solution
➢ It is often convenient to describe a solution in terms of density.
➢ Density, as relates to solutions, is the mass of the solution per unit of volume,
and is often expressed in units of g/mL.
➢ Although there are two components to a solution, the solute and the solvent,
the density of a solution always refers to the entire solution and not just one of
its components.

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➢ Consider, for example, an aqueous solution that contains 70% HNO 3, nitric
acid, by mass and has a density of 1.42 g/mL.
• The solution is 70% HNO3 by mass. Therefore, in 100.0 g of the
solution, there are 70.0 g of HNO3 and 30.0 g of water.
• The density of the solution is 1.42 g/mL. Therefore, 1.00 mL of the
solution has a mass of 1.42 g.

What would be the volume of 100 g of the nitric acid solution? The density
information tells us that 1.00 mL has a mass of 1.42 g, so the volume of the solution can
be calculated.
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
density = = 1.42 g/mL
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒

Get for the molarity of the nitric acid solution when 100.0 g of the solution contains
70.0 g of it.

WORK ON THIS!

An aqueous solution of NaCl is 350 ppm. What is the mass of NaCl in 1.00 L of
the solution? Assume the density of the solution is 1.00 g/mL.

Chemical Reactions in Solutions

You learned that the moles of a solute can be determined if you know the molarity
and volume of a solution. You can also determine the volume of a solution if you know
the number of moles of a solute and its molarity. These are the types of calculations you
need to do for the substances involved in a chemical reaction that takes place in aqueous
solution. You can use the molarity and the number of moles of a solute to determine the
volume of a solution. Let’s have this,

Sample Problem 4:

Zinc reacts with HCl to produce ZnCl2 and hydrogen gas H2.
Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) → ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)

How many liters of a 1.50 M HCl solution completely react with 5.32 g of zinc?

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Solution:

1. Write the given and what is needed:

Given: 5.32 g Zn and a 1.50 M HCl solution
Need: L HCl solution

2. Get the molar mass of Zn, its mole-mole factor and the Molarity of HCl solution
(you refer to the periodic table for the mass of an element)

1 mole Zn = 65.4 g Zn 1 mole Zn = 2 moles of HCl

(Where do I get the 2 moles? It’s in the balanced
equation)
Molarity of HCl solution
1 L HCl = 1.50 moles HCl

3. Write the set-up

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑍𝑛 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝐻𝐶𝑙 1 𝐿 𝐻𝐶𝑙
5.32 g Zn x x x 1.50 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝐻𝐶𝑙 = 0.108 L HCl
65.4 𝑔 𝑍𝑛 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑍𝑛

Check it out!

Using the reaction in above Sample Problem 4, how many grams of zinc can react with
225 mL of 0.200 M HCl?

C. Parts Per Million and Parts Per Billion

➢ This is a method used to describe concentration that involves only masses
of the solute and solvent.
➢ Parts per million (ppm) is defined as the mass of solute in grams divided by
the mass of solution in grams, all multiplied by 106, one million.
➢ This is being used when the mass of the solute is quite small relative to the
mass of the solution.

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 (𝑖𝑛 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠)

ppm = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑖𝑛 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠) x 106

Examples when ppm is being used:

❖ The amount of iron in an iron pill
❖ Concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

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Sample Problem 1: Find the ppm of copper sulfate in a solution made from 0.200 g of
CuSO4 and 350 mL of water. Assume the density of the water is 1.00 g/mL.

Given:
Mass of solute (CuSO4) = 0.200 g
Volume of solvent (H2O) = 350 mL
Find: ppm of copper sulfate

Solution: using the density to find the mass of the water yields 350 g. the
total mass of the solution (water plus copper sulfate) must be:

350 g + 0.200 g = 350.2 g

0.200 𝑔
ppm = 350.2 𝑔 x 106 = 571 ppm

Sample Problem 2: What is the concentration of a solution, in parts per million, if 0.02
gram of NaCl is dissolved in 1000 grams of solution?

0.02 𝑔
Problem Solution 2: x 106 = 20 ppm
1000 𝑔

Additional information: Parts per billion (ppb) is a concentration similar to ppm but is
used to describe even smaller quantities. Parts per billion is defined as the mass of solute
in grams divided by the mass of solution in grams, all multiplied by 10 9, one billion.
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 (𝑖𝑛 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠)
ppb = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑖𝑛 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠) x 109

WORK ON THIS!
Determine the ppm of K+ ions in an aqueous solution, given that there are 0.300 g of
KCl in 1.50 L of water. Assume the density of water is 1.00 g mL -1.

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POST-TEST
Read the following statements and write the letter of your choice.
1. Which of the following is a possible mole ratio for the production of ammonia?
2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝐻3
a) 2 mol NH3/1 mol CO2 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁2
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝐻3
b) 1 mol NH2(CO)NH2/2 mol NH3 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁2
2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁2
c) 1 mol H2O/2 mol NH31 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝐻3
3 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻2
d) all of the above1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁2

2. When supposed you have the number of moles of a reactant or product in a

reaction and you want to calculate for the mass of another product or reactant,
what will you going to follow?
a) Mass to mole
b) Mole to mole
c) Mass to mass
d) Mole to mass

3. What do you call that amount of solute that is being dissolved in certain amount of
solution?
a) concentration of solution
b) combination of solute and solvent
c) addition of solution
d) aqueous solution

4. Explain what changes and what stays the same when 1.00 L of a solution of NaCl
is diluted to 1.80 L.
a) The number of moles always stays the same in a dilution.
b) The number of moles varies when diluted in a solution.
c) The number of moles changes abruptly.
d) The number of moles constitutes the whole solution.

5. There is about 1.0 g of calcium, as Ca2+, in 1.0 L of milk. What is the molarity of
Ca2+ in milk?
a) 0.025 M
b) 0.020 M
c) 0.25 M
d) 0.002 M

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VOCABULARY
Molar mass – the mass in grams of one mole of a substance.
Molarity - the concentration of a substance in solution, expressed as the number moles
of solute per liter of solution
Mole (mol) – the amount of a substance that contains the same number of particles as
atoms in exactly 12 grams of carbon-12. It also represents a certain mass of a chemical
substance.
Solution – a homogeneous mixture composed of solvent and one or more solutes.
Stoichiometry – the calculations of the amount (mass, moles, particles) of one substance
in a chemical reaction through the use of another. It is also a quantitative relationships
between the amount of reactants used and amount of products formed by a chemical
reaction.

KEY
Pre-Test
1. b
2. c
3. c
4. b
5. b
Post-Test
1. d
2. d
3. a
4. a
5. a

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References:
General, Organic and Biological Chemistry
Structures of Life
Second Edition
Karen C. Timberlake
Pearson Education, Inc.
Copyright 2007
pp. 305-313

Chemistry for Dummies

John T. Moore, EdD
Wiley Publishing Inc
Copyright 2011

Discovering Chemical Structure

Course Workbook
Chemistry 1301A
2013-2014 Edition

Hayden-McNeil Publishing
Copyright 2013 the Department of Chemistry,
The University of Western Ontario

AP Chemistry 2015
John T. Moore, EdD and Richard H. Langley, PhD.
Copyright 2014
McGraw-Hill Education

https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-
_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/04._Reactions_in_Aqueous_Solution/4.6%3A_S
olution_Stoichiometry_and_Chemical_Analysis

https://www.mcvts.net/cms/lib/NJ01911694/Centricity/Domain/136/chap11.pdf

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