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General Chemistry 2
Quarter 4 - Module 7
Electrochemistry: Battery

Name of Learner:
Grade & Section:
Name of School:
 Module
Electrochemistry: Battery
7

What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to
help you master the concepts behind the electrochemistry such battery,
corrosion. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many different
learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level
of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the
course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond
with the textbook you are now using.
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. Describe the electrochemistry involved in some common batteries: (a)
Leclanche dry cell (b) button batteries (c) lead storage battery (d) fuel
cell (STEM_GC11ABIVf-g 180).

To chemists, electrochemical cells are important for the information they

provide such spontaneity of reactions and strengths of oxidizing and reducing
agents. The cells discussed so far are unlikely to have practical use. They are
neither portable nor compact and may not produce constant voltage. In this
section, the electrochemistry involved in some common batteries will be
explored.

What's In
10
Activity 1: BATTERY MATCH!
Matching Types: Match column A with the correct answer on column B, write
only the letter of answer on the blank provided at the right side of the
column A.
Column A Column B
1. A compact, portable and A.LeClanchDry Cell
self-contained power source B. Battery
2. A dry cell that contains Zinc C. Fuel Cells
and graphite rod D.Button Batteries
3. Are small, coin-shaped batteries E.Lead Storage Batteries
used in calculators, watches, hearing aids F.Alkaline Fuel Cell
and other devices G.Rechargeable Battery
4. Commonly used in automobiles H. Lead-acid Battery
other in an acid-base reaction I. Anode
5. An electrochemical cell that J. Cathode
converts the chemical energy of fuel directly
into electricity.
6. Is the best-known fuel cell
7. Is a metal alloy
8. Is a lithium metal oxide
9. Is relatively simple, not expensive
10. The reactions that can be easily reversed
 What's New
15
Activity 2: Check the Bat’!

Batteries can be classified as primary or secondary depending on

whether the reaction can be reversed easily. The electrochemical reactions
in primary batteries cannot be reversed, so when the reactants are
consumed, the battery will no longer generate electric current and must be
discarded. On the other hand, in secondary batteries, the reactions can be
easily reversed by using an external power source. These are called
rechargeable or storage batteries.

Directions: Fill in the table below. Mark check (/) if the battery is primary or
secondary given its some common battery.

Common Battery Primary Secondary

1. LeClanche Dry Cell

2. Button Batteries

3. Fuel Cell

4. Lead Storage Battery

5. Alkaline Batteries

Guide Questions:
1. Based from the answers on the table, list down the primary batteries
and the secondary batteries.
Answer:

2. Is the activity useful? Why? Why not?

Answer:

What is it
BATTERY
A battery is a compact, portable, and self-contained electrochemical
power source that may contain one or more galvanic cells. Some batteries,
like the ones used in a flashlight, consist of a single cell, while others, such
as car batteries contain multiple cells.
 The materials used for batteries must be stable under the conditions
which they are to be used. Although any spontaneous redox reaction can
serve as basis for constructing galvanic cells, manufacture of commercial
batteries requires considerable ingenuity. The electrical energy that can be
drawn from a battery and its usable life depends on the substances that are
oxidized at the anode and reduced at the cathode and the quantity of
reagents consumed.
As the battery operates, the cell voltage begins to drop. Greater
voltages can be obtained by using multiple galvanic cells in a single battery.
Batteries can be classified as primary or secondary depending on whether
the reaction can be reversed easily. The electrochemical reactions in primary
batteries cannot be reversed, so when the reactants are consumed, the
battery will no longer generate electric current and must be discarded. On
the other hand, in secondary batteries, the reactions can be easily reversed
by using an external power source. These are called rechargeable or storage
batteries. Primary batteries include dry cell and alkaline batteries.
Secondary batteries include nickel-cadmium, lithium-ion, lead-acid storage
batteries, and fuel cells.

LeClanche Dry cell

The dry cell commonly used now might be a modern version of the
galvanic cell. It was invented by George LeClanche and contains zinc which
serves as the anode and graphite rod placed at the center of the device that
serves as the cathode. The cell also contains a moist electrolyte paste of NH4,
Cl, ZnCl2, and MnO2 placed between the electrodes, to allow migration of
ions. Hence, the cell is not really “dry”. It referred to as “dry” only because
there is no visible liquid phase. The cell generates a potential of 1.5V derived
from the following reactions:

Anode (oxidation): Zn(s) Zn+2 (aq) + 2e-

Cathode (reduction):
2NH4+1 (aq) +2MnO2(s)+2e- 2NH3 (g)+Mn2O3(s)+H2O(1)
Overall reaction:
Zn(s) +NH4+1(aq) +2MnO2(s) Zn+2(aq) +2NH3(g)+Mn2O3(s)+H2O(1)

Figure 8 The common dry cell battery and its component

 The gaseous products formed can cause cell rupture due to pressure
build up. To avoid this problem, NH 3 molecules bind to Zn+2 as shown in the
following reaction:

Zn+2 (aq) + 2NH3 (g) + 2Cl-1 (aq) Zn(NH2)2Cl2(s)

LeClanche cells are widely used to their low cost but they cannot be
stored indefinitely because Zn outer shell easily deteriorates causing acid
leak from the battery which may damage the appliance.

Button Batteries
Button or disk batteries are small, coin-shaped batteries are used in
calculators, watches, hearing aids, and other devices. They are formed by
compacting metals and metal oxides on either side of the electrolyte-soaked
separator. They contain either Zn, Hg, Ag, Mn, Cd, Li, Cu and NaOH or KOH.
Heart pacemakers are often powered by lithium-silver-chromate “button”
batteries.

Figure 9 Button Battery

Lead Storage
The lead-acid batteries storage battery
commonly used in automobiles is a secondary
battery consisting six cells, producing 2V
each. The voltage from the six cells connected
in series in a typical automotive battery gives
total of 12V.The cathode of each cell consists
of lead (IV) oxide while the anode is composed
of lead, with both electrodes immersed in
aqueous sulfuric acid which acts as the
electrolyte.
When a lead storage battery is supplying
current or discharging, the lead in the anode
grids is oxidized to Pb+2 ions which deposits
as PbSO4. At the cathode, PbO2 is reduced to
Pb+2 ions which also precipitates as PbSO4.
Since the lead sulfate formed is an insoluble
compound that stays on the surface of the
electrodes, it remains available for the reverse
reaction. To recharge a lead storage battery
an external source of direct current is
supplied to reverse the direction of reaction, Figure 10 Schematic cut-away
thus regenerating Pb (s) and PbO 2. The illustration of a lead acid storage
battery
electrode reactions are as follows:
 The lead-acid battery is relatively simple, not very expensive, and with
adequate lifetime. One problem, however, with this type of battery is that
mining of lead as well as manufacturing and disposal of the used battery
can be contaminate the air and groundwater.

Fuel Cells
Fuel cell is an electrochemical cell that converts the chemical energy
directly into electricity. Galvanic cells that perform this conversion may
use conventional fuels, such as H 2 and CH4. It functions somewhat a
battery, but, in contrast, the fuels cells are not self-contained since the
reactants are continually supplied from an external source. The best-known
fuel cell is the alkaline fuel cell used by National Aeronautics and Space
Administration (NASA) in the United States to power the electrical systems
of the Space Shuttle.

Figure 11 A Hydrogen-Oxygen Fuel Cell

The hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell derives its electrical power from the fuel,
usually, hydrogen, which is oxidized at the anode. Hydrogen gas is pumped
to the anode, while air or oxygen gases pumped into the cathode. The
graphite electrodes are separated by a semipermeable membrane that allows
passage of H+1 ions but not electrons. Using a Pt catalyst, the reaction
involved can now be carried out at temperature as low as 400C.

Anode (oxidation) : 2H2 (g) 2H+1 + 2e-

Cathode (reduction) : 1/2O2 + 2H+1 + 2e H2 O (1)
Overall reaction : 2H2 (g) + 1/2O2 (g) H2O (1)
 Current research is directed toward the possible replacement of
internal combustion engine with fuel cell. The rationale for using hydrogen
fuel cell is that it is pollution-free since the only product is water. Even
though there are some deterrents to the general use of hydrogen fuel cells,
such as the high costs, storage and distribution problems, there are new
developments that are quite interesting. A device called a reformer can turns
hydrocarbon such natural gas, CH 4 or alcohol, such as methanol, into
hydrogen, which can be then fed into the fuel cell. However, fuel cell with a
reformer gives products other than water and has a lower overall efficiency.
Another development is the discovery of new semipermeable membranes
and catalysts that allow the operation of the hydrogen fuel cell at
temperature below 1000.

What's More 10
Activity 3: React & Recharge
Directions: Write the overall cell reactions involve of the following
electrochemical cell.

Electrochemical Cell Overall Electrochemical Reaction

1. LeClanche

2. Lead Storage Battery

3. Fuel Cell

Guide Question:
a. Are all electrochemical cells have the same reactions? Yes/No
Answer:

What I Have Learned

Now that you’ve learned a lot from the very start of our
module, let us summarize the lesson by answering the 10
questions below.
Activity 4: True or False

Let us check what you have learned about electrochemical cell /

battery and through completing the true or false checklist below.
Directions: Mark check (√) if the statement true and mark (x) if the false
statement.
STATEMENTS True False
1. As the battery operates, the cell voltage
begins to drop.

2. The cell is not really dry.

3. Lead acid battery is very expensive.

4. Galvanic cell is a device that can turns

hydrocarbon such as natural gas.

5. Water is the only product of fuel cell.

6. The best-known fuel cell is the alkaline cell.

7. Heart pacemakers are often powered by

lithium-silver-chromate “button” batteries.

8. Primary batteries are called rechargeable or

storage batteries.
9. Secondary batteries include nickel-
cadmium, lithium-ion, lead-acid storage
batteries and fuel cells.

10. Greater voltages can be obtained by using

multiple galvanic cells in a single battery.

What I Can Do
Good Job! You are near the finish line. It is time to put those
20
learning into application.
Activity 5: Battery Matters!

The relationship between electricity and chemical change are utilized

in a number of technological application. In what ways have these
electrochemical cells enhanced our life?
Answer:

.
 Assessment
Set A 15
Directions. Encircle the letter of the best answer.

1. Which of the following is a term that refers to the modern version of the
galvanic cell?
A. Button Battery C. Lead Storage battery
B. Fuel Cells D. LeClanche Dry Cell
2. Which form of electrochemical cells that are used in calculators,
watches, hearing aids and other devices?
A. Button Battery C. Lead Storage battery
B. Fuel Cells D. LeClanche Dry Cell
3. Which of the following is NOT classified as secondary batteries?
A. Alkaline Cell C. Lead Storage Battery
B. Fuel Cell D. Lithium
4. It contains either Zn, Hg, Ag, Mn Cd, Li, Cu or NaOH?
A. Alkaline Cell C. Lead Storage Battery
B. Button Battery Cell D. Lithium
5. When a lead storage battery is supplying current or discharging, the
lead in the anode grids Pb+2 which deposits as ?
A. Pb B. PbO 2 C. PbSO 2 D. 2Pb3
6. What is the overall reaction of hydrogen-oxygen fuel cells?
A. 2H2 (g) + 1/2O2 (g) H2O (1)
B. Zn+2 (aq) + 2NH3 (g) + 2Cl-1 (aq) Zn(NH2)2Cl2(s)
C. Pb (metal) + PbO2 +2H2SO4 2PbSO4 + 2H2O
D.2H2 (g) 2H+1 + 2e-
7. Why is cell not really “dry”?
A. Because of the gaseous products formed
B. Because of the migration of electrodes
C. Because the cell generates a potential of 1.5V
D. Because there is no visible liquid phase
8. Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE of LeClanche dry cell?
A. Cell rupture due to pressure build up
B. NH3 molecules bind to Zn+2
C. The Zn serves as the anode
D. They form by compacting metals
9. Fuel cell is characterized by all the following EXCEPT:
A. Are not self-contained
B. It converts the chemical energy
C. It functions somewhat a battery
D. It remains available for the reverse reaction.
10. What kind of batteries commonly used in an automobiles?
A. Alkaline Cell C. Lead-acid
B. Hydrogen-Oxygen Fuel D. LeClanche
11. How much total battery given when the battery connected in the series
in a typical automotive battery?
A. 1.5V B. 2V C. 5V D.12V
12. It is widely used to their low cost but they cannot be stored indefinitely
because Zn outer shell easily deteriorates causing acid leak from the battery
which may damage the appliance.
A. Button Battery C. Lead-acid
B. Fuel Cell D. LeClanche
13. What gas is pumped to the anode during its electrical power from the
fuel?
A. CH4 B. Hydrogen C. Natural gas D. Oxygen
14. Which of the following electrical reactions Anode (oxidation):
2H2 (g) 2H+1 + 2e- refers to?
A. Alkaline Cell C. Lead-acid
B. Hydrogen-Oxygen Fuel D. LeClanche
15. Which of the following is a primary battery?
A. Alkaline Cell C. Lead-acid Storage
B. Fuel Cell D.Lithium-ion

Assessment
Set B 10
Directions. Encircle the letter of the best answer.

1. It is known as a compact, portable and self-contained electrical power

source?
A. Cathode C. Electrode
B. Battery D. Galvanic Cell
2. Which of the following electrical cells commonly used now might be a
modern version of the galvanic cell?
A. Button C. Lead Storage Battery
B. Fuel Cell Battery D. LeClache Dry Cell
3. It is used in calculators, watches, hearing aids and other devices?
A. Alkaline Cell C. Fuel Cell
B. Button Battery D. Lead Storage
4. Which form electrical cell is relatively simple, not very expensive and with
adequate lifetime?
A. Button Battery C. Lead-acid Battery
B. Hydrogen-oxygen D.Lithium-ion
5. How much voltage is produced in the lead storage?
A. 2V B. 2.5V C. 5V D. 12V
6. Which electrical cell converts the chemical energy of direct into electricity?
A. Alkaline Cell C. Fuel Cell
B. Button Battery Storage D. Lead
7. When a lead storage battery is supplying current or discharging,
the lead in the anode grids is oxidized to ?
A. Pb B. Pb2 C. Pb+1 D. Pb+2
 8. Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE Hydrogen-oxygen
fuel cell?
A. Oxidized at the anode
B. Power from the fuel
C. Pumped into the cathode
D. Using a Pt catalysts
9. Which of the following is the overall electrical reaction LeClanche?
A. 2H2 (g) + 1/2O2 (g) H2O (1)
B. Zn+2 (aq) + 2NH3 (g) + 2Cl-1 (aq) Zn (NH2)2Cl2(s)
C. Pb + PbO2 +2 H2SO4 2PbSO4 + 2H2O
D. 2H2 (g) 2H+1+ 2e-
10.The cell is also contains moist electrolyte paste of , placed
between the electrodes, to allow migration of ions.
A. NH, Cl, ZnCl and MnO
B. NH2, Cl, ZnCl and MnO2
C. NH3, Cl, ZnCl2 and MnO2
D. NH4, Cl, ZnCl3 and MnO3

Additional Activities 15
Activity 7: Describe Me!
Objective: Describe the different uses electrochemical cell.
Directions: Describe the following electrochemical cells:

a. Ordinary Dry Cell

b. Lead Storage Battery
c. Alkaline Cell

Guide Questions:
1. What kind of electrochemical cell is each cell? Where are these cells
used?
2. What are the half-cell reaction and the cell reaction in each?
 References
Books:
Science Learner’s Material Senior High School General Chemistry 2, Page199-204 Science
Teacher’s Guide Senior High School, Page 574-580
Electronic Resources:

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