WEEKLY LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET

General Chemistry 2 & Grade 11, Quarter 3, Week 2,

Expressing Concentration of Solution Quantitatively

Name: Section:

Most Essential Learning Competency (MELC)

Use different ways of expressing concentration of solutions: mole fraction, molarity, molality,
percent by volume, percent by mass, ppm (STEM_GC11PPIIId-f-111)

Learning Objectives:

After learning the topic, you are expected to:

1. identify the different ways in expressing concentration of solutions;
2. determine the percentage composition (by mass and volume) of a solution; and
3. calculate concentration of solutions in molality, molarity and mole fraction.
Time Allotment: 2 hours

Key Concepts
A supply of clean drinking water is important for all communities. What constitutes clean water?
The government has set standards limiting the amount of contaminants allowed in drinking
water. These contaminants include metals, pesticides, bacteria, and even the byproducts of
water treatment. Water must be tested continuously to ensure that the concentrations of these
contaminants do not exceed established limits. Concentration is the measure of how much of a
given substance is mixed with another substance. Solutions are said to be either dilute or
concentrated.

Figure 1A Figure 1B
Illustrated by Alfonz Lexie John Basul
Figure 1A shows greater concentration. Figure 1B shows lesser concentration

How is the concentration of a solute in a solvent calculated? These are the different ways to
express the amount of solute present in a solution:

 Percent by mass
Is the amount of solute in a given mass of solvent expressed as grams solute per 100 grams of
solution. Mass percentage is calculated as the mass of a component divided by the total mass of
the mixture, multiplied by 100%.
General Formula:
% by mass = mass of solute X 100
mass of solvent + mass solute

Derived formula:
mass of solute = (% by mass) (mass ofsolution)
100

Author: Alfonz Lexie John C. Basul

School/Station: Nasipit National High School - Annex
Division: Agusan del Norte 1
email address: alfonzlexiejohn.basul@deped.gov.ph
Sample problem: A solution is prepared by dissolving 25.0g of C6H12O6 (Sugar) into 100.0g of
water. Determine the percentage by mass of the solute in the solution.

Given: mass of solute = 25.0g sugar mass of solvent = 100.0g water

Required: Mass of solution = ? (grams) % by mass of sugar = ?

Solution: The mass of the solution

mass of solution = mass of solute + mass of solvent
= 25.0g C6H12O6 + 100.0g H2O
= 125.0g solution

Hence, the percent by mass of the solute is computed as,

% by mass = mass of solute (g)

x 100
mass of solution (g)
25.0g sugar
= 125.0g solution x 100
= 0.2 x 100
= 20% sugar

 Percent by volume
Is the amount of solute in a given volume of solution expressed as milliliter of solute per 100
milliliter of solution. Wine has a typical alcohol content (v/v percent) of 12 percent. This means
that there is 12 mL of C2H5OH(Ethanol) in every 100 mL of wine.
General Formula:
% by volume = volume of solute x 100
volume of solution
Derived formula:
volume of solute = (% volume) (volume of solution)
100
Example: A solution is prepared by dissolving 90mL of H2O2 (Hydrogen Peroxide) in enough
water to make 3000mL of solution. Determine the concentration of Hydrogen Peroxide solution.

Given: Volume of solute= 90mL of H2O2

Volume of solution = 3000mL of solution
Required: % by volume of H2O2= ?

Solution:

% by volume = volume of solute(ml) x 100

volume of solution (ml)
= 90.0mL H2O2
3000mL solution x 100
= 0.03 x 100
= 3% H2O2
 Parts per Million (Ppm)
This is a way of expressing very dilute concentrations of substances. The key point of Ppm tells
how many units of substance you have for every million units of the whole solution. In contrast,
a percentage tells how much of something you have “per hundred,” and so it’s a very similar
measure to PPM.
General Formula:
amount
Ppm = of solute amount of solution
x 1,000,000
Derived Formula: Amount of solute=
 amount of
pm) solution)
( 1,000,000
Sample problem: The solubility of NaCl (Table Salt) is 284g/100grams of water. What is the
concentration in ppm?

Given: mass of solute = 284g of NaCl

mass of solvent = 100g of water
Required: mass of solution= ? (grams) ppm= ?
Solution:
mass of solution = mass of solute + mass of solvent
= 284g NaCl + 100g H2O
= 384g of solution

Ppm = amount of solute

amount of solution x 1,000,000
= 284g of NaCl x 1,000,000
384g of
Solution
= 739,583 ppm of NaCl solution

 Molarity (M)
Is one way to express the concentration of a solution in moles of solute present in one (1) liter, L,
of solution. It can be used to convert between moles of solutes and volumes of their solutions.
General Formula:
Molarity=
moles of solute M= mol solute
liters of solution L solution
or
Derived Formula:
mole solute = molarity x lites of solution

In problems involving molarity, additional formulas are sometimes used to get the final answer.
One very useful formula are that for molar mass and number of moles:

molar mass = total molar mass of the components where; molar mass = g/mol
moles of solute = mass of solute
molar mass

Sample problem: A solution is made by dissolving 2.355g of H2SO4(Sulfuric acid) in water. The
total volume of the solution is 0.05L. What is the molarity?

Given: mass of solute = 2.355g H2SO4

Volume of solution = 0.05L

Required: A. Molar mass = ? (grams) B. Molarity = ?

(mol/L) A..
molar mass H2SO4 = total molar mass of the components
= 2(1.008g/mol H) + 1 (32.06g/mol S) + 4 (16.00g/mol O)
= 98.08 g/mol H2SO4

Convert the mass of solute into moles of solute

1 mol of H2SO4
98.08g H2SO4
mole of solute 2.355g H2SO4
= B. = 2.355 mol H2SO4
98.08
= 0.02401mol H2SO4
 mol solute
M= L solution

= 0.02401mol
0.05L
H2SO4

= 0.48 M

 Molality (m)
Is the ratio of the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent. It is not the same as
molarity, even if their names are very similar.
General Formula:
Molality = moles of solute mol
or m =
kg of solvent kg
Derived formula:
mol solute = Molality x kg of solvent

In problems involving molality, additional formulas are sometimes used to get the final answer.
One very useful formula is that for density:
ρ = m/v where; ρ = density
m= mass
v= volume
Sample problem: What is the molality of a solution containing 0.75 moles of sodium hydroxide in
500 milliliters of water at 25oC? The density of water at 25oC is 1.0 gram per millilitre.

Given:
ρ H2O = 1.0 g/mL
V H2O = 500 mL
Molar mass of H2O = 18 g/mol
Mole of solute = 0.75 mol NaOH
Required: Molality of NaOH = ? (mol/kg)
Solution:
Compute the mass of water in kilograms.

ρ= m
v
m H2O= d x v 500g 1kg = 0.50kg
m H2O= 1g/ml x 500ml 1000g
m H2O= 500g

Hence, m is,
moles of solute
m= kg of solvent = 0.75 mol NaOH = 1.5 m or 1.5 mol/kg
0.5kg of solvent

6. Mole Fraction
Is a way of describing solution composition. It is the ratio of the number of moles of one
component of a mixture to the total number of moles of all components. It is computed using the
General Formula: mole component
Mole fraction of component =
moles of all component
Derived Formula:
mole component = mole fraction component x moles of all component

Sample Problem: What is the mole fraction of the solute in a 40% by mass ethanol (C2H5OH)
solution in water?
Given: molar mass of water= 18g/mole
molar mass of C2H5OH= 46g/mole
Required: mole fraction of solute= ?

Solve for the molar mass of ethanol and water

molar mass H2O = total molar mass of components = 2 (1.008g/mol H) + 1 (16.00g/mol O)
= 18g/mol H2O
molar mass C2H5OH = total molar mass of components = 2(12g/mol)+6(1.008g/mol)+1(16g/mol)
= 46g/mol C2H6O
Change the masses of the components ethanol and water to number of moles. Assume there is
exactly 100 grams of solution. The solution is 40% ethanol (C 2H5OH), it contains 40 grams of
ethanol and 60 grams of water.
Mole ethanol=40g 46g/mol= 0.87 mol C2H5OH

Mole =
60g = 3.33 mol H O
water 2
18g/mol
Compute for the mole fraction each component
mole fraction of C2H5OH = mol ethanol 0.87 mol ethanol = 0.21
mol + mol
=
ethanol water 0.87mol ethanol + 3.33 mol water

mole fraction of H2O= mol water 3.33 mol water = 0.79

0.87mol ethanol + 3.33 mol water
= 1.00
mol ethanol + mol water

The mole fraction of all components in a solution is always equal to 1.

Activity 1. Know me well

Learning objective: Identify the different ways in expressing concentration of solutions.

What You Need: Pen and Paper

Direction: Identify the different ways in expressing concentration of solutions.

1. It is the ratio of the number of moles of one component of a mixture to the

total number of moles of all components.
2. It is calculated as the mass of a component divided by the total mass of the
mixture, multiplied by 100%.
3. It is computed using the formula M= mol solute
L solution .
4. This is a way of expressing very dilute concentrations of substances.
mol
5. It is computed using the formula m= .
kg
Activity 2. Mass & Volume to Percentage!
Learning objective: Determine the percentage concentration (by mass and volume) of a
solution.

What You Need: Pen and Paper

Direction: Given the result of Percentage Concentration experiment below, analyze and
answer the following questions. Show your solution.

Table 1. Shows the results of the percentage by mass experiment.

Substance Mass
Sugar 2.0g
Salt 3.0g
Water 20g

Guide Questions:
1. What is the total mass of the solution?
2. What is the percentage by mass of sugar solute in the solution?
3. What is the percentage by mass of salt solute in the solution?
4. What is the ppm of salt solute in the solution?

Table 2. Shows the results of the percentage by volume experiment.

Substance Volume Volume of the solution

Isopropyl alcohol 70ml 100ml
Ethyl alcohol 40ml 100ml

Guide Questions:
1. What is the percent volume of ispropyl alcohol?
2. What is the percent volume of ethyl alcohol?

Activity 3. Solve it!

Learning objective: Calculate concentration of solutions in molality, molarity and mole fraction.
Show your solution.
What You Need: Pen, paper, periodic table of elements & calculator

Direction: Calculate the concentration of solutions in molality, molarity and mole fraction of the
problem below. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper. Show your solution.

Problem 1: How many grams of K2CO3 (Potassium Carbonate) are needed to make 200mL of a
2.5M solution?

Problem 2: What mass of CH3OH (Methanol) is required to be dissolved in 8.00kg of H2O (Water)
to produce a 2.00m solution?

Reflection

Direction: Answer the question

 Figure 2. 70% Ethyl Alcohol Figure 3. 40% Isopropyl Alcohol

Which of the two is more effective in disinfecting our hands especially this time of pandemic?
Why?

Rubrics:
3 – Explanation is scientifically consistent with the concepts and has no misconception.

2 - Explanation is scientifically consistent with the concepts but with minimal misconception.

1 – Explanation is consistent with the concepts but with misconceptions.

0 - No discussion.

References for learners:

Patalinghug, Wyona C., Camacho, Vic Marie I., Sevilla, Fortunato B. III, Singson, Maria Cristina
D. General Chemistry 1 Specialized Subject | Academic Stem: Teaching Guide for Senior
High School C.P. Garcia Ave., Diliman, Quezon City: Commission on Higher Education,
2016. https://studylib.net/doc/25269748/general-chemistry-1

Wilbraham et al. - Prentice Hall – 2000, Chemistry

https://www.varsitytutors.com/college_chemistry-help/molarity-molality-normality

https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Los_Angeles_Trade_Technical_College/Chem_51/15%3A_S
olutions/15.03%3A_Solution_Concentration_-_Molality_Mass_Percent_ppm_and_ppb

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-chemistry/states-of-matter-and-intermolecular-
forces-ap/mixtures-and-solutions-ap/a/molarity

Answer Key
Activity 1. Know me well Activity 2. Know me well

Activity 2. Know me well

Activity 3. Solve it!

Problem 1 Problem 2

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Reflection:

Reflection:

1. Answer may vary