APPLICATIONS OF COLLIGATIVE

PROPERTIES
For GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2/Grade 12
Quarter 3 / Week 5

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 FOREWORD

This self-learning kit will serve as a guide in understanding

the principles and applications of colligative properties.

In this learning kit the learners will be gained knowledge

on how to express different colligative properties in equation
form, and use this principle to determine boiling point elevation
and freezing point depression from the concentration of a solute
in a solution and to determine molar mass from colligative
property data.

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OBJECTIVES

At the end of this module, you will be able to:

K : discuss the applications of colligative properties and
laboratory procedure in determining concentration of
solutions
S : determine the boiling point elevation and freezing point
depression from the concentration of a solute in a solution,
and calculate molar mass from colligative property data.
A : promote the importance of colligative properties of
solutions.

LEARNING COMPTENCIES
- Calculate boiling point elevation and freezing point depression
from concentration of a solute in a solution (STEM_GC11PPIIId-f-
117).
- Calculate molar mass from the colligative property data
(STEM_GC11PPIIId-f118)
- Describe laboratory procedure in determining concentration of
solutions (STEM_GC11PPIIId-f-119).

I. WHAT HAPPENED
Pre-activities/Pre-test

A. Directions. Match the pictures in column A to the words in

column B which illustrates the corresponding application of the
different colligative properties. Write your answer in your notebook.
A B

____1. a. Vapor Pressure Lowering

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____2. b. Boiling-Point Elevation

____3. c. Freezing-Point Depression

____4. d. Osmotic Pressure

B. Directions. Solve the following colligative property problems.

1. A solution that contains 12.6 g of a nonvolatile non-dissociating

solute in 400 g of benzene freezes at 3.6 °C The normal freezing
point of benzene is 5.5 °C. What is the molar mass of the solute?
(Kf for benzene= 4.96 °C kg/mole)

2. Calculate the freezing point of a solution made from 32.7 g of

propane, C3H8, dissolved in 137.0 g of benzene, C6H6. The
freezing point of benzene is 5.50° C and its Kf is 5.12° C/m.

3. Calculate the boiling point of a solution made from 227 g of

MgCl2 dissolved in 700 g of water. What is the boiling point of the
solution? Kb = 0.512° C/m.

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II. WHAT I NEED TO KNOW
DISCUSSION:

Applications of Colligative Properties

In previous discussion, a theoretical aspect was introduced

involving colligative properties. This time we will discuss on
applications involving colligative properties. The focus of our
discussion is boiling point elevation and freezing point depression.
As a recap, the effects of adding a solute to the solvent depends
on what that the solution made (Ideal and non-ideal solutions).
Ideal solution is where there is only one species of solute forms upon
dissociation in the solvent. If there are 2 or more species it is
considered non-ideal. For non-ideal, a van’t Hoff factor (i) is
needed. Example, i = 2 for NaCl and K2SO4, i = 3 for MgCl2, CaCl2,
and K2SO4; and i = 5 for Fe3(PO4)2.

Figure 1. The phase diagram of water. The red line represents the phase diagram of pure
water and the blue line represents the phase diagram of water with the solute.

Source: https://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/objects/946/969212/ch11_07.htm

Boiling Point Elevation

Boiling point is the temperature required to raise the state of a

substance from liquid to gas. For water, the boiling point is 100°C at
1 atm pressure. If solute is added to the solvent, the boiling point of
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the solution is higher than the pure solvent (see Figure 1). The
difference of the boiling point temperature of solution with that of
the boiling point temperature pure solvent is known as boiling point
elevation, ΔTb (see Table 1 for values). To solve the boiling point
elevation of the solution, the formula used is;

For ideal solution For non-ideal solution:

ΔTb = Kb m ΔTb = Kb m

or can be expanded to or can be expanded to

/Tb,solution – Tb,solvent/ = Kb m /Tb,solution – Tb,solvent/ = iKb m

where: ΔTb = boiling point elevation

Kb = molal boiling point elevation constant
Tb,solution = boiling point of the solution
Tb,solvent = boiling point of pure solvent
i = van’t Hoff factor

Freezing Point Depression

Freezing point temperature is the temperature required to
change the state from liquid to solid. For water, the freezing point is
0°C at 1 atm pressure. Same as above, if solute is being added to
the solvent there is a change but for freezing point of the solution is
much lower than that of the pure solvent (see Figure 1). The
difference of the freezing point temperature of solution with that of
the freezing point temperature pure solvent is known as freezing
point depression, ΔTf (see Table 1 for the values). To solve the
freezing point depression of the solution, the formula used is;

For ideal solution For non-ideal solution:

ΔTf = Kf m ΔTf = Kf m

or can be expanded to or can be expanded to

/Tf,solution – Tf,solvent/ = Kf m /Tf,solution – Tf,solvent/ = iKf m

where: ΔTf = boiling point elevation

Kf = molal boiling point elevation constant
Tf,solution = boiling point of the solution
Tf,solvent = boiling point of pure solvent
i = van’t Hoff factor
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Table 1. Boiling point and freezing point with corresponding molal boiling-point
elevation constant and molal freezing-point depression of some common solvents.

Boiling point, Kb (°C● Freezing

Solvent Kf (°C● kg/mol)
Tb (°C) kg/mol) Point, Tf (°C)
Water, H2O 100 0.51 0 1.86
Carbon tetrachloride, CCl4 76.5 5.03 -22.99 30
Benzene, C6H6 80.1 2.53 5.5 5.12
Camphor (C10H16O) 208 5.95 179.8 40
Ethyl ether (C4H10O) 34.5 2.02 -116.2 1.79
Chloroform (CHCl3) 61.2 3.63 -63.5 4.70

Sample Problems

Example 1. What is the new boiling point of a solution, ΔTb prepared

by adding 96.0 g of sodium chloride to 383 mL of water? The boiling
point constant for water is 0.52 °C/m.

Solution:
Step 1. Determine the molality of the NaCl solution:

Solve first for the moles of the solute using the formula:
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 = 𝑔 )
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠,
𝑚𝑜𝑙
96 𝑔
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 = 58.445 𝑔 = 1.64 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑚𝑜𝑙
Solving molality, m of NaCl
1.64 𝑚𝑜𝑙
= = 4.28 mol/kg
0.383 𝑘𝑔

Step 2. Calculating ΔTb (note that NaCl forms Na+ and Cl- upon
dissociation so i = 2:
ΔTb = iKb m
ΔTb = (2) (0.52 °C kg/mol)(4.28 mol/kg)
ΔTb = 4.46 °C

Step 3. To determine the boiling point of solution by expanding ΔTb

ΔTb = Tb, solution – Tb, solvent
Tb, solution = 100 °C + 4.46 °C = 104.46 °C

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Example 2. What is the molality of a solution dissolved in chloroform
that boils at 62.8 °C? Boiling point of chloroform is 61.2 °C? Kb
chloroform 3.63° C/m
Solution:
Step 1. Solve for boiling point elevation ΔTb
Boiling point of solution = boiling point of solvent + ΔTb

62.8°C = 61.2°C + ΔTb

ΔTb = 62.8°C + 61.2°C = 1.6°C

Step 2. Solve for molality

ΔTb = Kb m
1.6 °C = (3.63 °C/m) X m

Rearranging the equation

m = 1.6 °C X 1m = 0.441 m
3.63 °C

Example 3. What is the freezing point of a solution prepared by

adding 140 g trichothecin (C19H24O5) to 0.746 kg of benzene? The
freezing point of pure benzene is 5.5 °C. The freezing point constant
for benzene is 5.12 °C/m.
Solution:
Step 1. Solve for mole of trichothecin
mole of trichothecin = 140. g = 0.421mol
332.39 g/mol
Step 2. Solve for molality

m = 0.421 mol of trichothecin = 0.564 mol/kg

0.746 kg of benzene
Step 3. We utilize this formula:
ΔTf = Kf X m
ΔTf = (5.12 °C●kg/mol) (0.56460 mol/kg)
ΔTf = 2.89 °C
Step 4. Solve for the freezing point of the solution.
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 ΔTf = Tf,solution + Tf,solvent

Rearranging,
Tf,solution = Tf,solvent - ΔTf
Tf,solution = 5.5 °C − 2.89 °C = 2.6 °C

Example 4. When 5.16 g of an unknown molecular compound, was

dissolved in 40.0 g of benzene, the freezing point of the solution was
lowered to 5.23 °C. What is the molar mass of unknown compound?

Solution:
Step 1. We look up the Kf for benzene, finding it to be 5.12 °C/m.
The freezing point of benzene is found to be 5.5 °C.

Step 2. We utilize this formula:

ΔTf = Kf m

Step 3. Rearranging to solve for m

m = ΔTf/Kf
m = 5.23 °C/5.12 °C● kg/mol
m = 1.02 mol/kg

Step 4. Calculating the moles unknown. Given mass of solvent, 40

g ≈ 0.04 kg benzene.
Note:
Molality (m) = mole solute
moles = 1.02 mol/kg x 0.04 kg kg solvent
= 0.0408 mol or

mole solute = molality x kg solvent

Step 5. Calculating the molar mass. moles = mass in g

molar mass in g/mol

= mass unknown/moles of benzene

= 5.16g/0.0408 mol

= 126.5 g/mol

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Determining the Concentrations of the Unknown Solution
Analytical chemistry is a branch of chemistry that deals with
the methods and techniques use to study matter. In the laboratory,
the knowledge and understanding concepts in analytical
chemistry is very important. For the methods used in the lab, it can
be classified as classical or wet based methods and recently
through the advent of technology the instrumental methods. In this
module we will explore on the classical methods specifically on
volumetric type of analysis. Volumetric in a sense that volumetric
wares like beakers, burets, graduated cylinder and among others
are used. An example of this is titration or titrimetric analysis.
Titration methods
Titration methods includes, redox titration, precipitation
titration, and acid base titration. In this module we will discuss the
basic concept of titration. Say you want to determine the amount
of vinegar in the same, so you need a base to allow it to react with
an acid which is the vinegar. By using the law of conservation of
mass and by using stoichiometry we can determine the
concentration of the vinegar if we know the concentration of the
base. One common base used is NaOH, a strong based. However,
NaOH is hydroscopic meaning it easily absorbs moister in the air so
its highly unstable. Therefore, the concentration of the base needs
to be standardized. In this case, the base is titrated with potassium
phthalate or commonly known as KHP.
During titration, a substance is place inside a buret is known
as the titrant. A known concentration of NaOH(aq) will be slowly
added to the vinegar in small amount from the buret until all the
acetic acid in the vinegar has been exactly consumed. At this point
neutralization reaction is completed, the equivalence point of the
titration is achieved Usually, the titrant concentration is known (see
Figure 1). For the vinegar concentration determination, the
equation is
NaOH(aq)+HC2H3O2(aq)→NaC2H3O2 (aq)+H2O(l)

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and the titrant is the NaOH. Before the titration process an indicator,
called phenolphthalein is added to the sample vinegar in order to
know when the equivalence point is reached. At the equivalence
point of the titration, just one drop of NaOH will cause the entire
solution in the Erlenmeyer flask to change from colorless to a very
pale pink. Once the color of the sample solution turns into a very
pale pink, it indicates that neutralization reaction is completed.

Figure 1. A schematic representation of the titration method.

Source: https://www.google.com/search?q=titration+set+up+colored&tbm=isch&ved

For example, you are going to determine the concentration

of acetic acid in 25.00 ml vinegar sample. If vinegar has a density
of 1 g/mL, it means that your flask contains 25.00 gms of vinegar.
Fill the Buret with known concentration of NaOH and start at an
initial volume of 0.20 ml. After the reaction is complete, you find
your final volume at 12.90 ml. Subtracting this value from the initial
volume, you obtain a value of 12.70 ml of base added into the flask.
You can calculate the number of moles of base you have added
to the flask by taking the given molarity of the base, which we will
1.2 M (M means moles of substance/L solution) and multiplying it
with the volume of base added once it is converted to L.
0.01270 L NaOH soln. added x 1.2 moles NaOH =
1 L NaOH solution
= 0.0152 moles of NaOH
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 Based from the neutralization equation of sodium hydroxide
and the acetic acid vinegar, it shows that the ratio between the
two is 1:1. This means that the number of moles of NaOH will be
equal to the number of moles of acetic acid, so the number of
moles of acetic acid in the 25.00 mL of vinegar is also 0.0152 moles.
For percentage computation of acetic acid in vinegar by weight,
you have to get the weight of acetic acid first, by multiplying the
moles of acetic acid with its molecular weight which is 60.0 g/mole.
Next, divide the weight of acetic acid by the weight of the vinegar
sample, then multiply it to 100%.

To obtain the weight percentage of acetic acid in vinegar:

0.912 g of acetic acid x 100% = 3.65% acetic acid in vinegar

25.00 g of vinegar

An example of the Step by step Procedure in Acid Base Titration

NOTE: “You don’t need to perform the experiment. Even if you have the
materials, it is advisable to have precautionary step specifically in handling
chemicals. The purpose is only to show the step for familiarization of the
methods perform in the laboratory”.

Titration of Unknown Vinegar Concentration

1. Add a sample vinegar into a beaker.
2. Withdraw 10.0 mL of vinegar from the 25.0 mL and transfer it to a
250 mL Erlenmeyer flask. Dilute to 50 mL with water. Add 1 drop of
phenolphthalein.

Source: https://slideplayer.com/slide/6281315/
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3. Titrate to the end point (solution must have a permanent
faint pink color) with the standardized NaOH solution.

Source: http://chemsitewebsite.weebly.com/acid-and-base-indicators.html

4. Calculate the mass of acetic acid (CH 3 COOH) in the

vinegar solution.

III. WHAT I HAVE LEARNED

Evaluation/Post-test

A. Calculations. Answer the following questions and you’re your

solution. Write the solution in your notebook.

1. If you use 5.76mol of sodium fluoride (NaF) and dissolve this into
3.62 kg of water, what will be the change in the boiling point of
your solution. Assume the Kb of water is 0.51 °C/m.

2. Assume you have a 3.60 m solution that depressed the freezing

point of the solution by 0.851°C. What is the molal freezing point
depression constant (Kf) of the solution?

3. Camphor (C10H16O) has a molal freezing point depression

constant of 5.95 °C/m. If you dissolve 10.0g of dimethyl ether
(C2H6O) into 3.00kg of camphor, what will be the change in the
freezing point of camphor?

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4. A solution of salt water raised the boiling point of water from 100
°C to 102.5 °C. What is the molality of the solution? Assume the
Kb of water is 0.51 °C/m.

5. A mass glucose (C6H12O6) is 43.8g is dissolved into 359.9 g of

water. If the molal boiling point elevation of water is 0.51°C/m,
what will be the change in the boiling point of water?

6. If 38.7 g of a nonelectrolyte is dissolved into 218 g of water. The

freezing point of the solution is measured to be -5.53 °C.
Calculate the molar mass of the solute.

7. A 300. mg sample of caffeine was dissolved in 10.0 g of camphor

(Kf = 39.7 °C/m), decreasing the freezing point of camphor by
3.07 °C. What is the molar mass of caffeine?

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REFERENCES

Brown, Theodore Lawrence. Chemistry: the central science.

Pearson Education, 2009.

Ebbing, Darrell, and Steven D. Gammon. General chemistry.

Cengage Learning, 2016.

g/molehttps://www.cerritos.edu/jbradbury/_includes/docs/Chem
_111_Lecture/Worksheet_Colligative.pdf

http://www.winterschemistry.com/wp-
content/uploads/2012/03/colligative-properties-1.pdf

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 DIVISION OF NEGROS ORIENTAL
SENEN PRISCILLO P. PAULIN, CESO V
Schools Division Superintendent

JOELYZA M. ARCILLA EdD

OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

MARCELO K. PALISPIS EdD JD

OIC – Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

NILITA L. RAGAY EdD

OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent/CID Chief

ROSELA R. ABIERA
Education Program Supervisor – (LRMDS)

ARNOLD R. JUNGCO
PSDS – Division Science Coordinator

MARICEL S. RASID
Librarian II (LRMDS)

ELMAR L. CABRERA
PDO II (LRMDS)

NILO JAY A. BAYBAY

Writer

GERALD T. UBAG
Lay-Out Artist

ALPHA QA TEAM
EUFRATES G. ANSOK JR.
AGUSTINA C. OMAGUING
NILO JAY A. BAYBAY

BETA QA TEAM
ZENAIDA A. ACADEMIA
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SYNOPSIS ANSWERS KEY

This self-learning kit deals with the

principles and application of
colligative properties. Through this kit
students express the colligative
properties of a solution, determine
boiling point elevation and freezing
point depression, and determine
molar mass of a substance from
colligative property data. In addition,
an introduction to titration was
discussed.
Learners are expected to learn
and appreciate new scientific
concepts and ideas regarding the
applications of colligative properties Pre-activities/Pre-test
and apply it in real-life situations. A. Test yourself.
1. d
2. c
ABOUT THE AUTHOR 3. a
B. Let’s have an exercise.
NILO JAY A. BAYBAY,1. 82is g/mol
a licensed professional
teacher. He is a graduate of Silliman University
2. Tf = -22.2°C
with the degree of Bachelor of Science in
3. Tb =105.24°C
Chemistry. He is currently teaching at Balugo
4. 110 gms/mol
National High School as a Senior High teacher, at
the same time the Evaluation/Post-test
Teacher-in-Charge in Senior
High Department. He 1.62°C
1. has earned units in Master
2. 0.236°C/m
in Education, Major in General Science.
3. 0.43°C
4. 2.45 m
5. 0.35°C
6. 59.7 g/mol
7. 388 g/mol

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