OCTET RULE AND THE

FORMATION OF COMPOUNDS
for General Chemistry 1/ Grade 12
Quarter 2 / Week 2

NegOr_Q2_GenChem1-12_SLK Week2_v2

1 NegOr_Q2_GenChem1-12_SLK Week2_v2
 FOREWORD

The self-learning kit (SLK) is designed to help STEM

students understand that things are made up of different
atoms that have been bonded together. The bonding of
these atoms is one of the most important processes in
chemistry which allows the different molecules and
combinations of atoms to form and return to make life
comfortably; understand how atoms combine to form
familiar compounds, such as water and carbon dioxide. Most
students probably enjoy taking a nice dip in a lake, ocean,
or pool during hot summer days, but they have probably
never thought about how hydrogen and oxygen combine to
form the crisp cool waves they splash around in; understand
that all compounds that makeup we and other living things
are called biochemical placed in four classes: proteins,
carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. All of these
compounds in living things are molecular compounds. These
molecular compounds form between nonmetallic elements
that are held together by covalent bonds.

This self–learning kit will serve as a guide on how to write

chemical formulas and it will be an aid as you learn different
strategies to get the valence electrons and arrange the Lewis
structure of ions.

2 NegOr_Q2_GenChem1-12_SLK Week2_v2
OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
K : describe ionic and covalent bond;
S : apply octet rule in the formation of molecular covalent compounds;
A : recognize the use of molecular chemistry in terms of reactivity

LEARNING COMPETENCIES
- Apply the octet rule in the formation of molecular covalent
compounds (STEM_GC11CB-IId-g-76)
- Write the formula of molecular compounds formed by the
nonmetallic elements of the representative block (STEM_GC11CB-
IId-g-77)

I. WHAT HAPPENED
PRE-ACTIVITY/PRE-TEST

I. Directions: TRUE or FALSE: Write True if the following statement is true and
False if the statement is incorrect. Write your answers in a notebook.

_______1. Atoms will gain or lose valence electrons to obtain an octet.

_______2. Atoms with eight (8) valence electrons follow the octet rule.
_______3. All elements in group 8A (18) of the periodic table obey the
octet rule.
_______4. Only atoms with exactly eight (8) electrons follow the octet
rule.
_______5. Elements in group 2A (2) of the periodic table will gain two
electrons to form an octet.
_______6. Atoms can only gain electrons to obtain an octet.
_______7. During the formation of the compound NaCl, one electron is
transferred from a sodium atom to a chlorine.
_______8. Elements in group 2A (2) of the periodic table will lose two (2)
electrons to form an octet.
_______9. A piece of metal consists of closely packed cations
surrounded by mobile valence electrons.
_______10. Chlorine atom gains seven electrons when it becomes an
ion.

3 NegOr_Q2_GenChem1-12_SLK Week2_v2
II. WHAT I NEED TO KNOW
DISCUSSION:

Octet Rule
American chemist Gilbert Lewis (1875 - 1946) used this observation
to explain the types of ions and molecules that are formed by other
elements. He called his explanation the octet rule. Octet rule is a
chemical rule of thumb that reflects the observation that main group
elements tend to bond in such a way that each atom has eight electrons
in its valence shell, giving it the same electronic configuration as a noble
gas. The rule is especially applicable to carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and
the halogens, but also to metals such as sodium or magnesium. It refers
to the tendency of atoms to prefer to have eight electrons in the
valence shell. When atoms have fewer than eight electrons, they tend
to react and form more stable compounds.
There are two ways in which atoms can satisfy the octet rule:
1. By sharing their valence electrons with other atoms.
2. By transferring valence electrons from one atom to another.

An exception to an octet of electrons is in the case of the first

noble gas, helium, which only has two valence electrons. This primarily
affects the element hydrogen, which forms stable compounds by
achieving two valence electrons. Lithium, an alkali metal with three
valence electrons, is also an exception to the octet rule. Lithium tends to
lose one electron to take on the electron configuration of the nearest
noble gas, helium, leaving it with two valence electrons.

Types of Bonding
A. Ionic bond also called electrovalent bond, A bond that forms
when the valence (outermost) electrons of one atom are transferred
permanently to another atom. The atom that loses the electrons
becomes a positively charged ion (cation), while the one that gains
them becomes a negatively charged ion (anion) (see Figure 1).

4 NegOr_Q2_GenChem1-12_SLK Week2_v2
Figure 1. Ionic bond shown in Sodium chloride. Notice that electron from Sodium is transferred to
chlorine forming a cation (Na+) and anion (Cl-). The electrostatic attraction between negative and
positive ions is known as ionic bond.

Source: https://www.thoughtco.com/examples-of-ionic-bonds-and-compounds-603982

Ionic bonding results in compounds known as ionic, or

electrovalent, compounds, which are best exemplified by the
compounds formed between nonmetals and the alkali and alkaline-
earth metals. Ions are so arranged that the positive and negative
charges alternate and balance one another, the overall charge of the
entire substance being zero.

B. Covalent bond also called a molecular bond. It is a chemical

bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms. It forms
when the bonded atoms have a lower total energy than that of widely
separated atoms. The electron pairs are known as shared pairs or
bonding pairs, and the stable balance of attractive and repulsive forces
between atoms, when they share electrons (see Figure 2).

Figure 2. A covalent bond shown in water molecule. Notice that electrons are shared
between hydrogen and oxygen atom.
Source: https://www.britannica.com/science/covalent-bond

5 NegOr_Q2_GenChem1-12_SLK Week2_v2
Types of Covalent Bond
Atoms having covalent bonds shared their electrons in order for
them to fulfill their octet and be stable. There are 3 different types of
covalent bond depending on the number of electrons being shared.
These are single bonds (2 electrons being shared), double bonds (4
electrons being shared), and triple bonds (6 electrons being shared) (see
Figure 3).

Figure 3. The image shows the difference between the type of covalent bond

Source: https://sciencenotes.org/single-double-and-triple-bonds/

Single Bonds
A single bond is when two electrons--one pair of electrons--are
shared between two atoms. It is depicted by a single line between the
two atoms. Although this form of bond is weaker and has a smaller
density than a double bond and a triple bond, it is the most stable
because it has a lower level of reactivity meaning less vulnerability in
losing electrons to atoms that want to steal electrons.
Double Bonds
A Double bond is when two atoms share two pairs of electrons
with each other. It is depicted by two horizontal lines between two atoms
in a molecule. This type of bond is much stronger than a single bond, but
less stable; this is due to its greater amount of reactivity compared to a
single bond.

6 NegOr_Q2_GenChem1-12_SLK Week2_v2
Triple Bonds
A Triple bond is when three pairs of electrons are shared between
two atoms in a molecule. It is the least stable out of the three general
types of covalent bonds. It is very vulnerable to electron thieves!

Naming Compounds
Binary Molecular Compounds Between Two Nonmetals.
Binary molecular (covalent) compounds are formed as the result
of a reaction between two nonmetals. Although there are no ions in
these compounds, they are named in a similar manner to binary ionic
compounds. The nomenclature of binary covalent compounds follows
these rules:
1.) The first element in the formula is given first, using the
element’s full name.
2.) The second element is named as if it were an anion.
3.) Prefixes are used to denote the numbers of atoms present
(see Table 1). If the first element exists as a single atom, the
prefix mono- is omitted. For example, CO is called carbon
monoxide rather than monocarbon monoxide.

Table 1. Lists of numerical prefixes.

The next page are the additional examples of naming Binary

Molecular Compounds. Notice that if the second element is oxygen, the
letter -a in the prefix. In the example Cl2O7 is name dichloride heptoxide
7 NegOr_Q2_GenChem1-12_SLK Week2_v2
 instead of dichloride heptaoxide. Another example is N2O5 is name
dinitrogen pentoxide instead of dinitrogen pentaoxide.
Chemical Formula Name
CO Carbon monoxide
Cl2O7 Dichloride heptoxide
IF7 Iodine heptafluoride
P4S9 Tetraphosphorous nonasulfide
S2Cl2 Disulfur dichloride
NO2 Nitrogen monoxide
CO2 Carbon monoxide
N2O5 Dinitrogen pentoxide

III. WHAT I HAVE LEARNED

EVALUATION/POST TEST:

I. Direction: On your lecture notebook, draw a real-life scenario or situation

in which the concept of ionic or covalent bonding is demonstrated.
Below your illustration, write at least five sentences describing your output
and explaining how the situation is related to the concept of the type of
chemical bond you chose. For example, you choose the concept of
covalent bonding and you will draw a scene where two cats sharing a
piece of bone.

Grading Rubrics:

10 5 3
The illustration was The illustration was The illustration was well
Neatness and well presented and all well presented and presented but most of
Presentation the information is easy most of the the information was
to understand information is easy to difficult to understand.
.
understand.

The illustration The illustration The illustration

demonstrates a demonstrates a very demonstrates some
thorough good understanding understanding of the
Understanding
understanding of the chosen chosen concept.
of the chosen concept.
concept.

8 NegOr_Q2_GenChem1-12_SLK Week2_v2
II. Multiple Choice: Answer the questions that follow and w rite the letter
of the correct answer on your notebook.

1. A rule that states that atoms are most stable when they have a full shell
of electrons in the outside electron shell.
A. Octet Rule C. Golden Rule
B. Hund;s Rule D. All of the above

2. According to the Octet Rule, atoms of elements react with each other
in order to attain electrons in their outermost energy level or shell.
A. 2 B. 4 C. 6 D. 8

3. The valence electrons of representative elements are

A. In s orbitals only.
B. Located in the outermost occupied major energy level.
C. Located closest to the nucleus.
D. Located in d orbitals.

4. How do you find the number of valence electrons in an atom?

A. use the atomic number C. Use the Group Number
B. mass - atomic number D. Use the period number

5. Which of the following is not true with regards to the octet rule?
A. It refers to an important chemical rule of thumb
B. It refers to an important principle that the atoms which bonded
share eight outer electrons have
C. It states that the atoms like to have six electrons only in their full
outer shells
D. Two notable exceptions to the octet rule are helium and
hydrogen

6. It is used to describe elements that are covalently bonded and to

distinguish the compounds from ionic compounds.
A. Molecular Compounds C. Chemical Formula
B. Ionic Compounds D. All of the above

7. Which of the following covalent molecules is the best illustration of

typical properties of substances with simple molecular covalent
structures?
A. Water B. Hydrogen C. Iodine D. Sulfur

9 NegOr_Q2_GenChem1-12_SLK Week2_v2
8. What is the chemical name for the compound with the formula Na2S?
A. sodium fluoride C. magnesium sulfide
B. lithium oxide D. sodium sulfide

9. Which of the following has the chemical formula of carbon

tetraflouride?
A. CF B. CF2 C. CF3 D. CF4

10. What is the formula of tetraphosphorous heptaflouride?

A. PF7 B. P2F6 C. P4F5 D. P4F7

REFERENCES

Ebbing, Darrell, and Steven D. Gammon. General chemistry. Cengage

Learning, 2016.
Zumdahl, Steven S. & Zumdahl, Susan A. (2007). Chemistry 7th ed.
Houghton MifflinCompany, USA. Pp106-111.

10 NegOr_Q2_GenChem1-12_SLK Week2_v2
 DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF NEGROS ORIENTAL

SENEN PRISCILLO P. PAULIN, CESO V

Schools Division Superintendent

JOELYZA M. ARCILLA EdD

OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

MARCELO K. PALISPIS EdD JD

OIC – Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

NILITA L. RAGAY EdD

OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent/CID Chief

ROSELA R. ABIERA
Education Program Supervisor – (LRMDS)

ARNOLD R. JUNGCO
PSDS – Division Science Coordinator

MARICEL S. RASID
Librarian II (LRMDS)

ELMAR L. CABRERA
PDO II (LRMDS)

GERALD T. UBAG
Lay-Out Artist

JESSA MAE PONTIṄELA-DICEN

Writer
_________________________________

ALPHA QA TEAM
ALLAN Z. ALBERTO
EUFRATES G. ANSOK, JR.
SEGUNDINO B. DELES JR.
MANASSES V. JABALDE
AGUSTINA C. OMAGUING
VERONICA A. RECTO

BETA QA TEAM
ZENAIDA A. ACADEMIA RANJEL D. ESTIMAR
ALLAN Z. ALBERTO MARIA SALOME B. GOMEZ
EUFRATES G. ANSOK JR. JUSTIN PAUL ASERNIO C. KINAMOT
DORIN FAYE D. CADAYDAY ARJIE T. PALUMPA
MERCY G. DAGOY LESTER C. PABALINAS
ROWENA R. DINOKOT
DISCLAIMER

The information, activities and assessments used in this material are designed to provide accessible learning modality
to the teachers and learners of the Division of Negros Oriental. The contents of this module are carefully researched, chosen, and
evaluated to comply with the set learning competencies. The writers and evaluator were clearly instructed to give credits to
information and illustrations used to substantiate this material. All content is subject to copyright and may not be reproduced in
any form without division.

11 NegOr_Q2_GenChem1-12_SLK Week2_v2
SYNOPSIS
ANSWER KEY
This Self Learning Kit (SLK) focuses
on the application of octet rule in the
formation of molecular covalent
compounds and on the writing of
chemical formula of molecular
compound. Octet rule states that atoms
tend to form compounds in ways that
give them eight valence electrons.
When atoms have fewer than eight
electrons, they tend to react and form
more stable compounds. Thus, an atom
continues to form bonds until an octet of
electrons is made.
Molecular compound are
composed of two or more nonmetallic
elements. It can be named with the first Pre-activity/pre-test
element first and then the second element 1. T by6.using
F the stem of the
element name plus the suffix -ide. Numerical
2. Fprefixes
7. T are used to specify
3. T 8. F
the number of atoms in a molecule. 4. F 9. T
Writing chemical formulas are very important
5. T 10. F when trying to find
information about chemical compound because they provide what
elements are present and also the proportion of the atoms of elements
Evaluation/post-test:
found in a chemical substance or compound. 1. A
2. D
3. A
4. C
ABOUT THE AUTHOR 5. C
6. A
7. A
JESSA MAE PONTIṄELA-DICEN, is graduated from Saint
8. A
Paul University-Dumaguete with
9. Dthe degree of Bachelor
of Secondary Education Major
10. Din General Science as
Cum Laude last 2007. She graduated Master of Arts in
Education Major in General Science from Foundation
University Dumaguete last 2016. Currently, she is Senior
High Teacher at Bolocboloc High School, Sibulan,
Negros Oriental

12 NegOr_Q2_GenChem1-12_SLK Week2_v2