GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2

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LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET

INTERMOLECULAR FORCES

Background Information for the Learners (BIL)

In the preceding lesson, we have noted the differences in properties of matter

in gas phase from those in the liquid and solid phases can be attributed to the
attractive forces in solid and liquid molecules while gas molecules have negligible or
no attractions at all.

The condensation of gaseous substance to form liquids which in turn form

solids could be explained by the attractive forces called intermolecular forces.

Intermolecular forces vs. Intramolecular forces

It is important to note the difference between

intermolecular forces and intramolecular forces. As
discussed in General Chemistry 1, atoms can form
stable units called molecules by sharing electrons.
This is called the intramolecular bonding.
Intramolecular force in water molecule
which hold hydrogen and oxygen atom.
Intramolecular (within molecules) forces holds
atoms together in a molecule. Intramolecular forces
stabilize
individual molecules. Generally, these forces are simply the chemical bonds such as
ionic and covalent bonding.

On the other hand,

Intermolecular forces are
attractive forces between
molecules. Intermolecular forces
are responsible for the non-ideal
Intermolecular force in water molecule which hold two
 m o l ec u les t oge the r .
behavior of gases, but they exert more in f l u e n c e in t h e condensed phases of
matter
which are liquids and solids. Intermolecular forces are collectively known as van der
Waals forces named after Dutch chemist, Johannes van der Waal. Van der Waals
forces are electrical in nature; that is, they result in the attraction between centers of
opposite charge in two molecules close to each other.

It is important to recognize that when a substance such as water changes

from solid to liquid to gas, the molecules remain intact. The changes in states are
due to changes in the forces among the molecules rather than in those within the
molecules. In ice, the molecules are virtually locked in place, although they can
vibrate about their positions. If energy is added, the motions of the molecules
increase, and they eventually achieve the greater movement and disorder
characteristic of liquid water. The ice has melted. As more energy is added, the
gaseous state is eventually reached, with the individual molecules far apart and
interacting relatively little. However, the gas still consists of water molecules. It would
take much energy to overcome the covalent bonds and decompose the water
molecules into their component atoms. This can be seen by comparing the energy
needed to vaporize 1 mole of liquid water (40.7 kJ) with that needed to break the -
OOH bonds in 1 mole of water molecules (934 kJ).

Types of Intermolecular Forces

The intermolecular forces of attraction in substances includes Dipole-dipole,

London dispersion forces, hydrogen bonding and ion-dipole forces.

London Dispersion forces

London dispersion forces, or simply dispersion forces, are intermolecular

forces of attraction that exist between all atoms and molecules. In addition,
dispersion forces are the only kind of intermolecular forces present among
symmetrical nonpolar substances such as O2 and CO2 and monoatomic species
such as noble gases. Without dispersion forces, such substances could not
condense to form liquids or solidify to form solids.
 Dispersion forces are weak
attractive forces that results from
the continuous movement of
electrons in particles. Nonpolar
molecules have zero dipole
moment because their electron
density is uniform and symmetrical.
Nevertheless, the electrons have
some freedom to move around the molecule. This induces temporary dipoles
(instantaneous dipoles) in neighboring atoms or molecules. As electron clouds
become larger and more diffuse, they are attracted less strongly by their own
positive nuclei. Thus, they are more easily distorted, or polarized by the
adjacent/nearby nuclei.

Polarization increases with increasing numbers of electrons and therefore with

increasing size of molecules. Therefore, dispersion forces are generally stronger for
molecules that are larger or have more electrons. As an example, between helium
and argon, two argon atoms will have greater dispersion force because they are
bigger than helium atoms.

Dipole-dipole Forces
Dipole-dipole forces are attractive forces between polar molecules, that is,
between molecules that possess dipole moments. Their origin is electrostatic, and
they can be understood in terms of Coulomb’s law. The larger the dipole moment,
the greater the force. Dipole-dipole forces are the attraction between the positive
end of
one molecule and the negative end of
another.

Two molecules of HCl interacts. HCl has both positive and
negative end so it is a polar molecule and exhibits a dipole
moment. The solid lines represent intramolecular force while
the broken lines represent intermolecular force.
Dipoles form when there is a large
difference in electronegativity between
two atoms joined by a covalent bond.
Hydrogen bonding
 Hydrogen bond is a special case of
very strong dipole-dipole interaction. They are
not chemical bonds in formal sense. Strong
hydrogen bonding occurs among polar
covalent molecules containing H and one of the
three small, highly electronegative elements – F,
O, or N.
Like ordinary dipole-dipole
interactions, hydrogen bonds result from the
attractions
between  partial positive atoms of one molecule, in this case H atoms and the
 partial negative atoms of another molecule. The  H is attracted to a lone pair of
electrons on an F, O, or N atom. Typically, a hydrogen bond is about five to ten times
stronger than other dipole-dipole interactions.

The image
shows the
unusual high
boiling points of
NH3, H2O and HF
compared with
those other
hydrides of the
same group
because of
hydrogen
bonding

Ion-Dipole Forces
Ion-dipole force acts between an ion (either cation or anion) and a polar
molecule. When an ionic compound is placed in a solution of water, the positive end
of the ionic compound becomes surrounded with the partial negative end of the ionic
compound, in turn, becomes surrounded by the partial positive hydrogen ion in
water. In short, the positive pole is attracted to the negative ion (anion), while the
negative pole is attracted to a positive ion (cation).
 Ion- dipole
interactions are involved in
solution process like in
the case of sodium
chloride (table salt)
dissolving in
water. In this case, Na+ and
Cl- ions are dispersed
amidst water molecules. The
Na+ will be surround by the partial negative oxygen of water molecule while the Cl-
will be surround by the partial positive H of water molecule.

The strength of this interaction depends on the

charge and size of the ion and on the magnitude of the
dipole moment and size of the molecule. The charges
on cations are generally more concentrated because
cations are usually smaller than anions. Therefore, a
cation interacts more strongly with dipoles than does
an anion having a charge of the same magnitude.

These four intermolecular forces vary in strength. Ion dipole forces is the
strongest of the four, followed by hydrogen bonding being a special type of
dipole- dipole. Dipole-dipole is weaker than the ion-dipole and hydrogen bonding
while London dispersion forces is the weakest.
Learning Competency:
Describe and differentiate the types of intermolecular forces (STEM_GC11IMFIIIa-c-
100)

Activity 1: OPERATION: Crossword Puzzle

Directions: Complete the crossword by filling in the boxes to form a word that fits
each clue.

Across:
1. This is a special case of very strong dipole-dipole interaction.
4. This holds atoms together in a molecule.
6. Intermolecular force present among symmetrical nonpolar substance
8. These are attractive forces between molecules

Down:
2. This is an intermolecular force that acts between an ion and a
polar molecule.
3. A collective term used to define attraction of intermolecular forces.
5. These are attractive forces between polar molecules.
7. This is an element that forms hydrogen bonding.
Activity 2: Go with the Flow
Directions: Analyze the flow chart carefully and answer the missing parts based on
the words given at the box below.

Hydrogen Bonding Dipole-dipole Ionic Boding

Van der Waals forces London Dispersion Ion-dipole forces
Ne H2S KCl NaCl KBr in water
H2O CH3Cl H2 NH3 KCl in water

Activity 3: Classify Me
Directions: Determine what type of
intermolecular force/s is/are present in each compound.
1.
Sulfur dioxide (SO2) _
2.
Nitrogen gas (N2) _ _
 3.
Lithium chloride (LiCl) dissolved in water _
4.
Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)
5.
Ethanol (C2H5OH) _
6.
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) _
7.
Hydrogen iodide (HI) _
8.
Ammonium bromide (NH4Br) solution _
9.
Ethylene (C2H4) _
10.
Phosphorus trichloride (PCl3) _ _

Activity 4: Describe Me
Directions: Below are five chemical compounds. In the first column, determine the
type of intramolecular force for each compound while on the second column,
determine the strongest type of intermolecular force that each compound have.
Justify your reason in identifying their intermolecular force in the third column. An
example is provided below.

Compound Type of Strongest Reason for classifying

Intramolecular type of
force/ chemical intermolecular
bond force present
Example: The compound exhibits
Covalent bond London London dispersion
Methane dispersion force because it is a
CH4 nonpolar covalent
compound.

1. Hydrogen
fluoride
HF

2. Magnesium
chloride
(MgCl2) in
Water
3. Hydrogen
bromide
HBr

4. Silicon
dioxide
SiO2

5. Fluorine
molecule
F2
Activity 5: WHAT IF?
Directions: Investigate and analyze the given situation. Provide a detailed
explanation of the situation.
Water is present in almost every living thing including human beings. It
was discussed that water possesses a unique bond known as hydrogen bond.
What do you think will happen if hydrogen bonding in water does not exist at all?
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