SAINT JOSEPH ACADEMY

OF SAN JOSE, BATANGAS INCORPORATED

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

MODULE NUMBER: 1 SECOND SEMESTER

Date: Jan. 04 –Jan. 08, 2021 S.Y. 2020 – 2021

CLASS NUMBER: _____________________ SUBJECT:

GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2
NAME: _______________________________________________ TEACHER: MR.
ARNOLD A. PAOMBONG
GRADE AND SECTION: GRADE 12-STEM ZAMORA/ QUEZON CONTACT #:

Kinetic Molecular Model of

Liquids and Solids
At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to:
• compare the properties of liquids and solids with those of gases
• apply the kinetic molecular theory to describe liquids and solids
• describe the various intermolecular forces and factors that affect their strengths
• identify the types of intermolecular forces that may operate in a given molecular substance
• rank substances according to strength of intermolecular forces;
• illustrate the intermolecular forces between molecules of a compound

Day 1-2 Online

MAIN IDEA: The properties of solids and liquids can be explained by the kinetic
molecular model.

EQ: Why do solids and liquids behave differently?

KINETIC MOLECULAR MODEL explains the properties of solids and liquids in terms of
molecular forces of attraction and the kinetic energy of the individual particles.

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 SAINT JOSEPH ACADEMY
OF SAN JOSE, BATANGAS INCORPORATED
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

INTERMOLECULAR FORCES (attractive forces between neighbouring particles of one or more

substance) pull the particles together, while kinetic energy keeps the particles at a distance and/ or
moving around. Kinetic energy is dependent on the temperature of the substance.
Phase
A homogeneous part of a system in contact with other parts of the system, but separated from these
other parts by well-defined boundaries.

Condensed phases
Liquids and solids
The Condensed State: Liquids and Solids
• In liquids, the molecules are so close together that there is very little empty space between them.
Liquids are much more difficult to compress and they are much denser at normal conditions.
• Molecules in a liquid are held together by one or more types of attractive forces. However, the
molecules can move past one another freely. Liquids can flow, can be poured and assumes the
shape of its container.
• In a solid, molecules are held tightly in position with virtually no freedom of motion. There is even
less empty space in a solid than in a liquid.
• Solids are almost incompressible and possess definite shape and volume.

Intramolecular forces and intermolecular forces

Intermolecular forces are attractive forces between molecules.
Intramolecular forces hold atoms together in a molecule.

Kinetic Molecular Theory:

1. All matter is made of tiny particles.

2. These particles are in constant motion.
3. The speed of particles is proportional to temperature. Increased temperature means greater
speed.
4. Solids, liquids, and gases differ in distances between particles, in the freedom of motion of
particles, and in the extent to which the particles interact.
5. For an animation showing the motion of particles in a solid, liquid or gas, the lesson below may
be viewed. http://preparatorychemistry.com/KMT_flash.htm

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 SAINT JOSEPH ACADEMY
OF SAN JOSE, BATANGAS INCORPORATED
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Table 1

CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS

SOLIDS
PROPERTIES  Have definite shape
 Do not flow
 Virtually incompressible
 Expand when heated,
but to a lesser extent
than liquids and gases
PARTICLES  Strongly attracted to
each other
 Vibrate a little, but not
much compared to
liquids and gases
 Vibrate faster when
heated
LIQUIDS
 Have no definite shape
 Flow and take the shape
of their container
 Very difficult to
compress
 Slightly expand when
heated
 Weakly attracted to each
other; break their
interaction easily
 Vibrate and move more
than those in a solid
 Move faster when heated

Intermolecular Forces and Properties

of Liquids
EQ: How do intermolecular forces influence the properties of liquids?

General Properties of Liquids

Some of the general properties of liquids are surface tension, viscosity, vapour pressure, boiling
point and heat of vaporization. These properties are influenced by the intermolecular forces of
attraction in a substance.
Liquids do not have a simple or regular structure, but many of their properties can be explained
qualitatively by viewing them at the particulate level.

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 SAINT JOSEPH ACADEMY
OF SAN JOSE, BATANGAS INCORPORATED
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

SURFACE TENSION

o It is the measure of the elastic force in the surface of a liquid.

o It is the amount of energy required to stretch or increase the surface of a liquid by a unit
area.
o It is manifested as some sort of skin on the surface of a liquid or in a drop of liquid.
o Surface tension allows needles and paper clips to float in water if placed carefully on the
surface. It also explains why drop of water are spherical in shaped.

EXAMPLES:

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 SAINT JOSEPH ACADEMY
OF SAN JOSE, BATANGAS INCORPORATED
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

o These intermolecular forces tend to pull the molecules into the liquid and cause the surface
to tighten like an elastic film or “skin”.
o Molecules within a liquid are pulled in all directions by intermolecular forces.
o Molecules at the surface are pulled downward and sideways by other molecules, not upward
away from the surface.
o The liquids that have strong Intermolecular forces also have high surface tension.

CAPILLARY ACTION
o Capillary action is the tendency of a liquid to rise in narrow tubes or be drawn into small
openings such as those between grains of a rock.
o Capillary action, also known as capillarity, is a result of intermolecular attraction between
the liquid and solid materials.

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 SAINT JOSEPH ACADEMY
OF SAN JOSE, BATANGAS INCORPORATED
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

o Capillary action is shown by water rising spontaneously in capillary tubes. A thin film of
water adheres to the wall of theglass tube as water molecules are attracted to atoms making
up the glass (SiO2).

Two types of forces are involved in capillary action:

 Cohesion is the intermolecular attraction between like molecules (the liquid molecules).
 Adhesion is an attraction between unlike molecules (such as those in water and in the
particles that make up the glass tube).
 These forces also define the shape of the surface of a liquid in a cylindrical container (the
meniscus!)
When the cohesive forces between the liquid molecules are greater than the adhesive forces
between the liquid and the walls of the container, the surface of the liquid is convex.
 When the cohesive forces between the liquid molecules are lesser than the adhesive forces
between the liquid and the walls of the container, the surface of the liquid is concave.

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 SAINT JOSEPH ACADEMY
OF SAN JOSE, BATANGAS INCORPORATED
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

VISCOSITY

It is defined as the resistance of a liquid to flow.

 It is loosely referred to as the thickness or thinness of a liquid.
 Syrup and oil flow more slowly than water and are thus described as more viscous.
The viscosity of liquid depends on their intermolecular attraction.
 The stronger the intermolecular force, the higher is the liquid’s viscosity
Long-chained substances like oil have greater intermolecular forces
because there are more atoms that can attract one another, contributing to the substance’s
total attractive forces.

Honey, a concentrated solution of sugar, is also

highly viscous because of the hydrogen bonding that
forms as a result of the numerous- OH groups of
sugar molecule.

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 SAINT JOSEPH ACADEMY
OF SAN JOSE, BATANGAS INCORPORATED
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

VAPOR PRESSURE
It is the pressure exerted by its vapor when in equilibrium with liquid or solid.
Example:
 When liquid or solid substance is made to evaporate in a closed container, the gas exerts
a pressure above the liquid. Substances with relatively strong intermolecular forces will have
low vapour pressure because the particles will have difficulty escaping as a gas.
Example:
1. Water (H2O), (Hydrogen Bonding) has vapour pressure of 0.03 atm.
1. Ethyl Ether (C4H10O), dipole-dipole & London Force ) has vapor pressure at 0.68 atm.

BOILING POINT
The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which its vapor pressure is equal to the
external or atmospheric pressure.
 Increasing the temperature of a liquid raises the kinetic energy of its molecules, until
such point where the energy of the particle movement exceeds the intermolecular forces
that hold them together.
The liquid molecules then transform to gas and are seen as bubbles that rises to the
surface of the liquids and escape to the atmosphere.
 Then temperature at which a liquid boils under 1 atmospheric pressure (1atm) is
referred to as its normal boiling point. At higher altitude, the atmospheric pressure
is lower, hence, the boiling point will subsequently decrease.
 The greater intermolecular force, the higher the energy needed to increase the kinetic
energy of the molecules to break these forces.

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HEAT OF VAPORIZATION
 SAINT JOSEPH ACADEMY
OF SAN JOSE, BATANGAS INCORPORATED
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Molar Heat of vaporization ( Hvap) is the amount of heat required to vaporize one mole of
substance at its boiling point.
 The application of heat disrupts the intermolecular forces of attraction of the liquid
molecules and allows them to vaporize.
Boiling point generally increases as molar heat of vaporization increases.
 The Hvap is also determined by the strength of intermolecular forces between molecules.

At room temperature, pure water is a

colorless, odorless and tasteless liquid.
 It turns to ice, its solid form at 00 C
and 1 atm.
 At 1000 C, it become gas, commonly
known
as steam.

UNIQUE PROPERTIES OF WATER

1. Water is a good solvent.
2. Water has a high specific heat.
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 SAINT JOSEPH ACADEMY
OF SAN JOSE, BATANGAS INCORPORATED
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Specific heat is the amount of heat or energy needed to raise the temperature of one gram of
a substance by 1o C.
3. The boiling point of water unusually high.
4. Solid water is less dense, and in fact floats on liquid water.
 Unlike all other liquids, the molecules in solid water are actually farther apart than they
are in liquid water.
 When solid water forms, the hydrogen bonds result in a very open structure with
unoccupied spaces, causing the solid to occupy a larger volume than the liquid.
 This makes ice less dense than liquid water, causing ice to float on water.

Day 3- Online
TYPES AND PROPERTIES OF
SOLIDS
EQ: How do you describe solids?

Solid can be classified as crystalline or amorphous based on the arrangement of

their particles.
 Crystalline solids have highly regular arrangement of particles, while amorphous
solids have considerable disorder in their structure

AMORPHOUS SOLIDS

Amorphous solids, such a glass, are formed rapidly that its constituent particles do not have
time to align or organize into a more crystalline lattice.

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SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Crystalline Solids have well-defined crystal lattice.

A lattice is a three-dimensional system of points designating the positions of the
components (ions, atoms, or molecules) that makeup a crystal.

A unit cell is the smallest repeating unit of lattice.

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 SAINT JOSEPH ACADEMY
OF SAN JOSE, BATANGAS INCORPORATED
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Day 4- Modular Learning

Answer and Do the Activity on LOVE OF LAB
“MARBLE RACE”
Page 20A- 20B
Exploring Life Science Series –General Chemistry 2

Congratulations!
You have completed this
module.

Exploring Life Through Science Series

GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2
ARISTEA V. BAYQUEN/ GARDEE T. PENA

PHOENIX PUBLISHING HOUSE page 4-20A

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