General Chemistry 2 - Week 1

| KERVIE B. BELTRAN, ECE, ECT

Objectives
✔ Use the kinetic molecular model to explain properties of liquids and
solids
✔ Describe and differentiate the types of intermolecular forces
✔ Describe the following properties of liquids, and explain the effect of
intermolecular forces on these properties: surface tension, viscosity,
vapor pressure, boiling point, and molar heat of vaporization
✔ Explain the properties of water with its molecular structure and
intermolecular forces
✔ Describe the difference in structure of crystalline and amorphous
solids
KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY

❑ All matter is made of tiny particles.

❑ These particles are in constant motion.
❑ The speed of particles is proportional to temperature. Increased
temperature means greater speed.
❑ Solids, liquids, and gases differ in distances between particles,
in the freedom of motion of particles, and in the extent to which
the particles interact.
Comparison Between Gases, Liquids, and Solids

PROPERTIES OF GASES LIQUIDS SOLIDS

MATTER
DENSITY Low High Higher
SOLUBILITY Readily More slower than gases Very Slow

SHAPE AND Fills container, no fixed Has fixed volume, no Fixed

VOLUME volume fixed shape
MOTION OF Random, fast, cover Random, medium speed, Vibration in place
PARTICLES large distances limited distances
PARTICLE Widely separated Not widely separated Closely packed
ARRANGEMENT
COMPRESSIBILITY Easily Difficult Extremely difficult
 SOLID | LIQUID | GAS

Refernce: https://www.toppr.com/content/story/amp/characteristics-of-particles-of-matter-100519
What holds the
particles in the solid
and liquid states?
Intermolecular forces

are attractive forces that act between molecules or particles in the

solid or liquid states. Generally, these attractive forces are much
weaker than bonding forces.

Why melting points and boiling points of substances can

be used as indicators of strength of intermolecular forces
operating in given solids and liquids
The different types of intermolecular forces

DISPERSION FORCES – these forces of attraction

result from temporary dipole moments induced in
ordinarily nonpolar molecules. These forces are present
between all types of molecules due to the movement of
electrons. It is significant only
when the atoms are
close together. The more atoms that
make up the molecules, the stronger are
the dispersion forces.
The different types of intermolecular forces

Dipole-dipole forces - are attractive forces between

polar molecules (molecules that possess dipole). In
polar molecules the electrons are unevenly
distributed because some elements are more
electronegative than others. The partial negative side
of one molecule is attracted to the
partial positive side of
another molecule.
Properties of Liquids
Surface tension
Viscosity
Vapor pressure of a liquid
Boiling point
Molar heat of vaporization (ΔHvap)
 Properties of Liquids

❖ Surface tension - the measure of the elastic force in the surface of a liquid. It is the
amount of energy required to stretch or increase the surface of a liquid by a unit area.

❖ Viscosity - a measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow.

❖ Vapor pressure of a liquid - the equilibrium pressure of a vapor above its liquid; that
is, the pressure exerted by the vapor above the surface of the liquid in a closed
container.

❖ Boiling point - the temperature at which a liquid boils. The boiling point of a liquid
when the external pressure is 1 atm called the normal boiling point.

❖ Molar heat of vaporization (ΔHvap) - energy (usually in kilojoules) required to

vaporize 1 mole of a liquid at a given temperature.
 Unique Properties of Water

❖ Water is a good solvent.

❖ Water has a high specific heat.
❖ The boiling point of water unusually high.
❖ Solid water is less dense, and in fact floats on liquid
water.
What are the two
general types of
solids
 Two general types of solids ?

Solids can be categorized into two groups:

> the crystalline solids

> the amorphous solids.

Arrangement of particles

❑ Crystalline solids are arranged in fixed geometric patterns or

lattices
❑ Amorphous solids have a random orientation of particles.
Behavior when heated

❑ Amorphous solids soften gradually when they are heated.

They tend to melt over a wide range of temperature.
❑ Crystals become liquids at a specific temperature (i.e. the
melting point). At this temperature, physical properties of the
crystalline solids change sharply.