Lesson 1

Kinetic Molecular
Model of liquids
and solids
 LEARNING OUTCOMES:
 compare the properties of liquids and solids with those of
gasses
 apply the kinetic molecular theory to describe liquids and solids
 describe various intermolecular forces and factors that affect
their strengths
 identify the type of intermolecular forces that may operate in a
given molecular substance
 rank substances according to strength of intermolecular forces
 illustrate the intermolecular forces between molecules of a
compound
Recall: KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY
1. All matter is made of tiny particles
2. These particles are in constant motion
3. The speed of particles is proportional to temperature.
Increased temperature means greater speed.
4. Solids, liquids and gasses differ in distances between
particles, in the freedom motion of particles, and in
the extent to which particles interact.
 Molecule behavior
Properties of GAS LIQUID SOLID
matter
Volume/shape Assumes volume
and shape of
container

Density High
Compressibili Easy to
ty compress

Motion of Random,
molecules medium speed,
limited distances
 Molecule behavior
Properties of GAS LIQUID SOLID
matter
Volume/shape Assumes volume Fixed volume; Fixed volume:
and shape of assumes shape fixed shape
container of occupied part
of container

Density Low High high

Compressibili Easy to Cannot be Cannot be
ty compress appreciably appreciably
compressed compressed

Motion of Random, fast, Random, Vibration in

molecules cover large medium speed, place
distance limited distances
 CONDENSED STATE: LIQUIDS
• the molecules are so close together that there is very
little empty space between them.
• much more difficult to compressed and are much
denser in normal conditions
• molecules in liquid are held by one or more types of
attractive forces
• molecules can move past one another freely; can flow,
can be poured and assumes the shape of its container
 Condensed State: Solids
• molecules are held tightly in position with virtually
no freedom of motion
• less empty space between molecules compared
to liquid
• are almost incompressible and posses definite
shape and volume.
Intermolecular
Force
 INTERMOLECULAR FORCE
• are attractive forces that act between molecules
or particles in the solid or liquid states
• generally, these forces are weaker than bonding
forces like those of covalent and ionic bond

Intramolecular forces – hold atoms together in a

molecule
 INTERMOLECULAR FORCE
• The boiling and melting point of a substance is
used to determine the strength of the
intermolecular force present
• The stronger the intermolecular force to be
broken, the larger the energy needed to break
them
• Hence, the higher the melting point or boiling
point of a substance, the greater the
intermolecular force present.
Different types of
Intermolecular
forces
 INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
includes:
 London dispersion forces
 dipole-dipole forces
 ion-dipole forces
 hydrogen bonding

Collectively, these intermolecular forces are also known as

van der Waals forces, named after a Dutch chemist,
Johannes van der Waal (1837–1923).
 INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
• Van der Waals forces are fundamentally
electrical in nature; that is, they result from
the attraction between centers of opposite
charge in two molecules close to each other.
 INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
1.Dispersion forces or London Dispersion

• result from temporary dipole moments

induced in ordinarily nonpolar molecules

• these forces are present in all types of

molecules due to the movement of electron
 INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
• Dispersion forces increase with increasing
molecular mass and decrease with increasing
distances between the molecules.

• This explains why the boiling and melting points of

homologous nonpolar molecules (e.g., straight-
chain hydrocarbons) increase regularly with
increasing mass.
 INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
• Thus, dispersion forces may be the weakest
intermolecular forces that can exist between two
molecules, but the larger the atoms present, the
stronger the dispersion forces.

• For example, F2, the lightest halogen is a gas, BR2

is a liquid, and the heavier, I2, is solid at room
conditions.
 INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
• Furthermore, the more atoms that make up the
molecules, the stronger are the dispersion forces

• For example, methane CH4, is gaseous, but larger

hydrocarbons like butane, C4H10 is liquid and
those with larger number of carbon atoms like
waxes are solid at room temperature
 INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
2. Dipole-dipole forces
• are attractive forces between polar molecules
that posses dipole moments
• In polar molecules, electrons are unevenly
distributed because some elements are more
electronegative than the others
• The partial negative side is attracted to the partial
positive side of another molecule
 INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
2. Dipole-dipole forces

• this type of force is stronger than dispersion force

because polar molecules have a permanent
uneven distribution of electrons
• the larger the dipole moments, the stronger the
attraction
 INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
3. Ion-dipole forces
• These forces exist when polar molecules are
attracted to ions.

• The positive pole is attracted to a negative

ion (anion), while the negative pole is
attracted to a positive ion (cation).
3. Ion-dipole forces
• Ion-dipole interactions are involved in solution
processes like in the case of sodium chloride
dissolving in water

Cation-dipole Attractions Anion-dipole Attractions

3. Ion-dipole forces

•  
 INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
4. Hydrogen Bond
• is a special type of dipole-dipole interaction
between hydrogen atom in a polar bond such as,
N-H, O-H, F-H and an electronegative O, N and F
atom

• It is formed as a result of weak electrostatic

interaction between the partially positive
hydrogen and the negative group or lone pair of
electrons.
 INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
4. Hydrogen Bond
The interaction is written as

A–H …B or A–H …
A

Where A and B represents O, N and F; A- H is one

molecule or part of a molecule and A or B is a part of
another molecule; the dotted line represents the
hydrogen bond
Figure 1.6. The solid lines represent covalent bonds; the
dotted lines are H-bonds.
 INTERMOLECULAR FORCE
• These intermolecular forces are weaker than either
ionic or covalent bonds, but their importance
cannot be underestimated.
• They are responsible for determining whether a
molecular compound is a gas, a liquid, or a solid at
a given temperature.
• They also account for the differences in some
physical properties of matter in the different
phases.
 Seatwork
Substance Polar or London Dipole-dipole Hydrogen
nonpolar dispersion bond