Intermolecular Forces,

Liquids and Solids

Kinetic Molecular Theory
Increasing KE (temperature)

Int-ron«inn IMF

The States of Matter

The fundamental difference between states of matter is the
distance between particles,

Liquid Crystalline solid

Total disorder. much Dig)rder; particles Ordermd
arrangement;
empty space; particles or clusters of particles are
have complete particles a re free in fired positions;
freedom of motion; to move relative to particles close
together
particles far apart exh ottwr; particles
together
The States of Matter
Because in the solid and liquid states particles are
closer together, we refer to them as condensed phases.

Liquid Crystall ine solid

Total 'flsornier much Disorder, particles Ordered arrangerneni; or clusters oi particles

are

essentially particles are free in fixed Bhitions; to

 move relative to particles together each other.
particle

The States of Matter

• The state a substance is in at a particular temperature

and pressure depends on two antagonistic entities:

• The kinetic energy of the particles

• The strength of the attractions between the particles
 Forces
Intermolecular of Attraction

Usuallyweak,
enough
physical

Inframolecular
Infermolecular a++rac+ion
affracfion Force Which keeps molecules together
Dispersion Forces
Attractive force between molecules;
responsible for keeping matter in
solid or liquid phase
Forces
Dispersion Forces
• Dispersion forces result from the formation of
temporary dipoles, as illustrated here for two nonpolar
diatomic molecules.
unequal distribution of electrons
Attractive force

Temporary dipoles —J
Dispersion Forces
Electrostatic

attraction

Helium atom I Helium atom 2

London dispersion forces, or dispersion forces,
are attractions between an instantaneous dipole
and an induced dipole.
Dispersion Forces
Helium atom I Helium atom 2

• These forces are present in all molecules, whether

they are polar or nonpolar.
• The tendency of an electron cloud to distort in this
way is called polarizability.
Dipole-Dipole
Interactions
• Molecules that have permanent dipoles are
attracted to each other.
• The positive end of one is attracted to the negative
end of the other and viceversa.
The interaction between any

• These forces are onlyattractive two opposite (solid charges red lines).is important
when the
Dispersion Forces
molecules are close to each The interaction between any other. two
like charges is repulsive
(dashed blue lines),
Dipole-Dipole
Forces

• This image shows two arrangements of polar molecules,

such as HCI, that allow an attraction between the partial
negative end of one molecule and the partial positive end
of another,

Interactions
Molecular Dipole Moment Boiling Point
Substance (D) (K
Weight (amu) )
Propane, CH3CH2CH3 44 0.1 231
Dimethyl ether, CH30CH3 46 1.3
Methyl chloride, CH3CI 50 1.9 249
Acetaldehyde, CH3CHO 44 Acetonitrile,
CH3CN 41
Dipole-Dipole
The more polar the molecule, the higher is its
boiling point.
Hydrogen Bonding

• The dipole-dipole interactions experienced

when H is bonded to N, O, or F are
unusually strong.
• We call these interactions hydrogen bonds.
Hydrogen Bonding
Hydrogen bonding
arises in part from the
high electronegativity
of nitrogen, oxygen,
and fluorine.

Also, when hydrogen is bonded to one of those

very electronegative elements, the hydrogen
nucleus is exposed.
Ion-dipole
• Ion-dipole interactions are an important force in solutions of
ions.
• The strength of these forces are what make it possible for
ionic substances to dissolve in polar solvents.

Cation-dipole attracti(V1s attractions

Summarizing Intermolecular Forces
 van der Waals forces

Intermolecular Forces Affect Many Physic

Properties

The strength of the

attractions between
particles can greatly
affect the properties of
a substance or solution.
Surface Tension
Surface tension results from the net inward
force experienced by
the molecules on the
surface of a liquid.
Viscosity
• Resistance of a liquid to flow is called
viscosity.
• It is related to the ease with which
molecules can move past each other. attracted to
glass
• Viscosity increases with stronger
intermolecular forces and decreases
with higher temperature.

attracted to each
Substance Formula Viscosity (iglm4)other
Adhesion • anCohesion attraction bet. intermolecular unlike molecules attraction bet. like
molecules.
Vapor Pressure
•At any temperature, some molecules in a
liquid have enough energy to escape.

temperature

Minimum
kinetic energy
needed to escape
•As the temperature rises, some molecules
that have enough energy to escape increases.
Kinetic energy
 Boiling Point

• Boiling point -temperature at 783•c I(xrc

which its vapor pressure equals
atmospheric pressure.
• The normal boiling point is the
temperature at which its vapor
pressure is 760 torr.
20 40 60 80 100
Temperature CC)
Boiling
Point
Energy Changes Associated with Change
State
• Heat of Vaporization- amount of heat needed to vaporize a
given amount of liquid at its boiling point.
• Substances with strong IMF have a high heat of vaporization; because
higher energy is needed to convert them into gaseous state.
 Energy Changes
Associated with
Change State
• The heat added to the system
at the melting and boiling
points goes into pulling the
molecules farther apart from
each other.
• The temperature of the
substance does not rise
during the phase change.
Heat added (each divisi€m to 4 k))
Energy Changes Associated with Change
State

• Heat of Fusion: Energy required to change a solid

at its melting point to a liquid.
Structure and
Propeties of
Water a closer look at
water
Topics covered in this
movie:
• the polarity of water
• hydrogen bonds
Structure and of Water
Propeties

The water rmlecule, H20

Water has polar (charged) ends.

Structure and of Water
Propeties
Structure and of Water

slight positive
charge

slight negative charge

Water has polar (charged) ends.

This allows water to hydrogen bond
with other water molecules.
Structure and of Water
Two water molecules meet...
 Structure and Propeties of
Water
Propeties

Water is held together by hydrogen bonds.

Structure and of Water
 Structure and Propeties of
Water

Hydrogen bonds are weak bonds resulting from the

attrac of the partially positive hydrogen on one
Structure and of Water
molecule and partially negative oxygen atom in
another molecule.
Structure and of Water
Propeties
Structure and of
Water cling together through hydrogen bonding,
a closer look at
water

Topics covered in this movie:

• the polarity of water
• hydrogen bonds
Properties Water
1. High boiling point
2. High specific heat
 Structure and Propeties of
Water
3. High density in its liquid form
4. High heat of vaporization
5. High surface tension
 and of
Types Properties Solids
Crystalline
Solid
• particles are
in highly
ordered
arrangement
.

Amorphous
Solid
 Crystalline Solids
• no particular
order in the
arrangement
of particles.

Amorphc,us

Unit cell - small portion of the

entire structure; definite patterns
that repeat themselves
 Crystalline Solids
ttice
L
attice point
point

Primiti ve cubi c
Body•centered cubic

cubic
Crystalline Solids
Seven Types of Unit
Cells
Crystalline Solids

Face•centem
Types and Properties of
Solids
Shape Definite and geometrical form
definite geometric form
Melting point

W
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ll
-
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e
fi
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d
m
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l
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g
p
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Phase
t

M
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a
w
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e
r
a
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Phase
t
u
r
e
s
Compressibility Rigid and cannot be Some are
soft like graphite compressed
Cleavage Perfect cleavage when broken
Irregular cleavage when
broken into pieces on plane
surfaces into pieces on plane
surfaces
 Examples NaCl, sugar, snow, minerals
rubber, some plastics

Types of Crystals
Type of Form of Unit
Solid Particles Forces Between Particles Properties
Examples

Molecular Atoms or Argon, Ar;

Fairly soft, low to methane,
London dispersion
moderately high melting CH4 ;sucrose,
dipole-dipole forces,
point, poor thermal and
hydrogen bonds
electrical conduction
Ice", c02
 Phase
Covalent• Atoms connected Covalent bonds Diamond, C; quartz,
Very hard, very high melting
network in a network
point, Often poor thermal
Of covalent
and electrical conduction
bonds

Ionic Positive and Electrostatic Typical salts—for

negative ions attractions Hard and brittle, high melting example, NaCl,
point, poor thermal and
electrical conduction

Metallic Atoms Metallic bonds All metallic

elements—for
Soft to very hard, low to example, Cu, Fe,
very high melting pornt, AltPt
excellent thermal and
electrical conduction,
malleable and ductile
Changes
Phase
Heating and Cooling Curves

Time
Phase
of a Substan
Heating Curve
Phase Diagrams
Phase diagrams display the state of a substance at
various pressures and temperatures and the
places where equilibria exist between phases.

Deposition

Temperature
Phase Diagrams
• The AB line is the liquid-vapor interface.

Deposition

Temperature
 Phase Diagrams
• It starts at the triple point (A), the point at which all three
states are in equilibrium.

Deposition

Temperature
Phase Diagrams
It ends at the critical point (B); above this critical
temperature and critical pressure the liquid and
vapor are indistinguishable from each other.

Deposition

Temperature
Phase Diagrams
Each point along this line is the boiling point of
the substance at that pressure.

Deposition

Temperature
Phase Diagrams
• The AD line is the interface between liquid and
solid,

Deposition

Temperature
 Phase Diagrams
• The melting point at each pressure can be found along this
line.

Deposition

Temperature
Phase Diagrams
• Below A the substance cannot exist in the liquid state.

Temperature
 Phase Diagrams
• Along the AC line the solid and gas phases are in equilibrium; the
sublimation point at each pressure is along this line.

Temperature