LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS (Part 1)

General Chemistry 2
Pre-lecture DIY Activity

Topic 5: Liquids and Solids (part 2)

Advance reading on different properties of liquids and solids.

Guide Questions:
1. What are the different properties of liquids?
2. How does intermolecular forces of attraction affect the
properties of liquids and solids?
3. What are the different types of solids and crystals?
What are the changes
brought about by the
COVID 19 pandemic to
your personal life?
OBJECTIVES
1. Use the kinetic molecular theory to explain properties of
liquids and solids
2. Describe the nature of the phase changes in matter in
terms of the energy change and change in molecular
order
3. Interpret the phase diagram
4. Describe and differentiate the types of intermolecular
forces
5. Predict the intermolecular forces possible for a molecule
TOPIC OUTLINE

1. Kinetic Molecular Model of Solids and Liquids

2. Phase Changes
2.1 Phase Transitions
2.2 Phase Diagram
3. Types of Intermolecular Forces of Attraction
3.1 Ion-ion
3.2 Ion-dipole
3.3 Dipole-dipole
3.4 Hydrogen Bonding
3.5 London Dispersion
Kinetic Molecular Theory
of Liquids and Solids
From a molecular perspective, differentiate liquids
from solids using the following properties:
•volume and shape
•particle arrangement
• distance between molecules
•the movement of molecules
•Density
•compressibility
KINETIC MOLECULAR DESCRIPTIONS OF LIQUIDS AND
SOLIDS
Why are liquids and solids
different from gases?
DIFFERENCE OF SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS
Decrease in kinetic energy
Gases have different
Increase in forces of attraction properties or behavior from
Decrease in distance between particles solids and liquids because of
two reasons: distance of the
particles and intermolecular
forces.
What are the 6 processes of phase transitions?

How do they differ from one another?

Phase Changes
 PHASE TRANSITIONS
All matter can be changed from one form to another. Such transformations may occur due
to extreme changes in temperature, pressure or energy - either released or absorbed.
 PHASE DIAGRAM
Components of a Phase Diagram:
1. Three regions: solid, liquid and
gas

* only one phase exists at any point

or T-P conditions within a region

2. Three curves: vapor pressure

curve, sublimation curve and
melting curve

* two states co-exist at equilibrium at

the same time at any point along
the line or curve

3. Triple point - all three phases

co-exist at equilibrium
PHASE DIAGRAM
The phase diagram can be
used in various ways:
(1) it can predict the stable
physical state of a
substance at any given
T and P
(2) it shows the various
phases that co-exist at
equilibrium at any given
T and P along the curve,
(3) the T-P conditions at
which phase transition
occurs.
 PRACTICE TASK
1. In what phase does the substance at point B
exist?
2. If a pure substance begins at point B on the
phase diagram and the pressure on the
substance is increased until point A is
reached, what process occurred?
3. What type of energy change is involve in the
transformation?
4. Keeping the pressure constant, we increase
the temperature until point C is reached.
What it the phase of the substance at point
C? What process occurred?
5. What type of energy change is involved in the
transformation?
6. What will happen to a liquid if its pressure is
decreased at constant temperature?
7. What phases co-exist at point E?
Review: Practice Task
1. If a pure substance begins at point A on the phase
diagram and the pressure on the substance is reduced
until point B is reached, what process occurred?

2. In what phase does the substance at point B exist?

3. What type of energy change is involve in the

transformation?

4. Then we increase the pressure until point A is reached.

After which, we increase the temperature and kept the
pressure constant until point C is reached. What is the
phase of the substance at point C? What process
occurred?

5. What type of energy change is involved in the

transformation?

6. What will happen to a liquid if its pressure is decreased

at constant temperature?
Why do some substances under
ordinary conditions, exist as gases,
liquids or solids?
Types of Intermolecular
Forces of Attraction
 INTERMOLECULAR VERSUS INTRAMOLECULAR
FORCES
Intramolecular Forces
forces holding atoms within
in a molecule or ions in a
formula unit
are called chemical bonds
are much stronger than
intermolecular forces
Intermolecular Forces
forces holding molecules,
atoms or ions together
formed through coulombic
attraction or interaction of
positive and negative charges
Substances exist as
gas, liquid or solid
depending on the they are the forces that hold
strength of IMFA. particles in liquids and solids
together
play significant role in
determining the properties of
substances
 INTERMOLECULAR VERSUS INTRAMOLECULAR
FORCES
Intermolecular Forces

• Ion-Ion Interaction
• Ion-Dipole Interaction
Intramolecular • Dipole-Dipole Forces
Forces • Hydrogen Bonding
• London Dispersion
• Ionic bond Forces
• Covalent bond

Intermolecular force, regardless of the type, always involve

attraction of opposite charges whether it is full charges,
partial charges or induced charges.
ION-ION INTERACTION
ION-ION INTERACTION

▪ exhibited by ionic compounds

▪ involves the attraction of the cation

from one formula unit to the anion
of the other formula unit

▪ energy of attraction is so high

the properties of ionic compounds are ▪ most ionic compounds have high
determined primarily by the very strong melting points and boiling points
ion-ion interactions even though other
forces maybe present
ION-DIPOLE INTERACTION
ION-DIPOLE INTERACTION

▪ occurs between an ionic compound

and a polar molecule

▪ the cations of the ionic compound

are attracted to the partial negative
end of a dipole or polar molecule

▪ the anions of the ionic compound

are attracted to the partial positive
end of a dipole or polar molecule
ION-DIPOLE INTERACTION
 DIPOLE-DIPOLE INTERACTION
DIPOLE-DIPOLE INTERACTION

▪ occurs in polar molecules

▪ attraction of the partial positive end

of one polar molecule to the partial
negative end of the other polar
molecule

▪ the strength of dipole-dipole force

increases with increasing polarity

No dipole-dipole force exists between nonpolar atoms and molecules

HYDROGEN BONDING
H-BONDING

▪ special type of dipole-dipole

interaction

▪ occurs among polar covalent

molecules containing hydrogen
and one of the three small highly
electronegative elements: F, O, or
N

▪ 4 to 5 times stronger than an

ordinary dipole
 LONDON DISPERSION
LONDON DISPERSION

▪ present in all types of molecules in

condensed phases (solid and liquid)

▪ only type of IMFA in nonpolar molecules

and nonpolar atoms like the monatomic
nonmetals

▪ are attractions between an instantaneous

dipole and an induced dipole
Without London dispersion forces
CO2, I2, etc., cannot condense to ▪ WEAK in small molecules but STRONGER in
form liquids or solidify as solids. larger molecules
INSTANTANEOUS AND INDUCED DIPOLE
two adjacent H2 molecules A and B

Electrons are constantly

moving around

molecule A will have an instantaneous

dipole moment

the motions of
electrons on A affects
the electrons on B

temporary dipole on molecule A can

induce a similar dipole on its adjacent
neighbor, molecule B
 SUMMARY OF IMFA
Type of IMFA Type of Interaction Occurrence
Ion-ion An ion is attracted to a nearby oppositely ionic compounds
charged ion
Ion-dipole Attraction of ions (from an ionic compound) polar molecule and ionic compound
and the opposite partial charge of a polar
molecule
H-Bonding One polar molecule containing H bonded to Polar molecules with lone pair of
an electronegative element is attracted to the electrons and a H bonded to F, O, N
lone pair of electrons of the other polar
molecule
Dipole-dipole Opposite dipole ends of polar molecules Polar molecules
attract one another
London Dispersion A temporary dipole in one molecule induces All polar molecules, nonpolar
the formation of a temporary dipole in a molecules and noble gases
nearby molecule and is attracted to it.
 SUMMARY OF IMFA
INTERACTING PARTICLES
(atoms, molecules, ions)

Are ions
NO YES
involved?

NONPOLAR
POLAR ION + POLAR
molecules only IONS only
molecules only molecule
LONDON ION-ION
DIPOLE-DIPOLE ION-DIPOLE
DISPERSION Ex. NaCl, NH4NO3
Ex. H2S, CH3Cl Ex. NaCl in H2O
Ex. I2, Ar, CH4

H bonded to F, O, N

HYDROGEN BONDING
Ex. H2O, NH3
Sample Exercise
Draw the Lewis structures of the following compounds, determine its
interacting particles and for molecules determine its polarity, and
then determine the dominant intermolecular force of attraction that
operates between these particles.

1. SO2
2. NaCl
3. CO2
4. H 2O
5. NaCl in H2O
 Compound Lewis Structure Interacting Particles IMFA

1. SO2
Polar molecule Dipole-dipole

2. NaCl
Ionic compound/ions Ion-ion

3. CO2
Nonpolar molecule London dispersion

4. H2O
Polar molecule (H
bonded to O) H-bonding

5. NaCl in H2O
NaCl - Ionic compound Ion-dipole
H2O - polar molecule
CONCEPT REVIEW
▪ Melting, evaporation, and sublimation involves endothermic changes

▪ Freezing, condensation, and deposition involves exothermic changes

▪ The relationship between the three states of matter to temperature and pressure
can be graphically described using phase diagram
o Two phases coexist anywhere within the curve
o Three phases co-exist at the triple point
o Only one phase exist anywhere withing the region

▪ Substances exist as gas, liquid or solid depending on the strength of IMFA.

▪ The physical properties of liquids as well as that of solids are attributed to

intermolecular forces of attraction between any particles (molecules, atoms, or
ions).

▪ Intermolecular forces are weak compared to intramolecular forces.

 What do you think
are the forces
needed to become
successful in your
field of endeavor?

How would you use

these forces to
become productive
and contributor of
positive change?