INTERMOLECULAR FORCES

OF ATTRACTION
IN
 INTERMOLECULAR FORCES OF ATTRACTION

• Intermolecular forces are the attractive forces present between

molecules. Generally, they are called “Van Der Waals” , named
after the Dutch scientist Johannes Diderick Van der Waals.
3 DIFFERENT TYPES OF INTERMOLECULAR
FORCES OF ATTRACTION

• LONDON DISPERSION FORCES

• DOPOLE-DIPOLE FORCES
• HYDROGEN BONDING
LONDON DISPERSION FORCES

Dispersion force is present in all molecules. It is the only

force present in nonpolar molecules. It is very weak and
acts in very small distances. It is formed due to the
attraction between the positively charged nucleus of an
atom with the negatively charged electron cloud of a nearby
atom. This interaction creates an induced dipole.
IN A NONPOLAR MOLECULE, SUCH AS O2,
THERE ARE NO POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ENDS
 PROTONS
NEUTRONS

ELECTRONS
ThE ELECTRONS OF
THE MOLECULE ARE
CONSTANTLY
MOVING, THERE ARE
TIMES WHEN
ELECTRONS ARE
COMES TO A END,
Making such end partially
negative while the other
end becomes partially
positive.

Hence, the molecule can

have an instantaneous
dipole
In result, the electrons of the
other molecule notice those
many electrons and go to
another side, causing them to
Have another instantaneous
dipole.
In result, the electrons of the
other molecule notice those
many electrons and go to
another side, causing them to
Have another instantaneous
dipole.
LONDON
DISPERSION
FORCES
In assessing the relative strengths of London dispersion
forces between two different substances, compare their
molecular weight and size. Larger and more massive
molecules are more polarizable (i.e. they have a greater
tendency to have distorted electron clouds) and have
stronger IMFA.
DIPOLE-DIPOLE FORCES

• Occurs between polar molecules. This is due to the

partial positive pole and the partial negative pole of
the molecule. Average dipole-dipole interaction is
relatively weak, around 4kJ/mol. This interaction is
effective over a very short range.
EXAMPLE

HCl is a polar molecule. It has partially positive and

partially negative ends. The partially positive end of
the molecule is attracted to the partially negative
side of another molecule.
WATER MOLECULES
WATER MOLECULES
HYDROGEN
WATER MOLECULES
IN ASSESSING THE RELATIVE STRENGTHS OF
DIPOLE-DIPOLE FORCES BETWEEN TWO
DIFFERENT SUBSTANCES, COMPARE THEIR
POLARITIES. A MORE POLAR SUBSTANCE
WILL HAVE STRONGER DIPOLE–DIPOLE
FORCES COMPARED TO A LESS POLAR ONE.
HYDROGEN BOND

Hydrogen bond is a very strong dipole-dipole interaction. Hydrogen

bond occurs in polar molecules containing H and any one of the
highly electronegative elements, in particular F, O, N. Hydrogen tends
to be strongly positive due to the strong tendencies of F, O, or N to
attract the electron towards it. The highly electronegative elements
make hydrogen strongly positive.
EXAMPLE;

Consider the water molecule, H2O.

The hydrogen of one molecule is
attracted
to the oxygen atom of another
molecule
PROPERTIES
DEPENDENT IN IMFA
PHASE AT ROOM TEMPERATURE

When molecules have strong intermolecular forces of

attraction, they are packed close together. They often exist
as condensed phase (solid or liquid) at room temperature.
When molecules have weak intermolecular forces of
attraction, they are far apart from each other. They often
exist as gas at room temperature.
SOLUBILITY

Solubility refers to the ability of a substance to

dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a specified
temperature. Recall the rule “like dissolves like.”
When the solute and the solvent both exhibit the
same intermolecular forces of attraction, they form a
solution.
EXAMPLE:
Water and ethanol are polar substances. They both exhibit LDF, dipole – dipole
forces, and hydrogen bonding. When mixed together, they form a solution.
On the other hand, hexane and water do not have similar intermolecular forces
of attraction. The only attractive forces present in hexane are the relatively weak
London dispersion forces. These forces cannot significantly disrupt the strong
hydrogen bonding among water molecules. Therefore, hexane and water form a
heterogeneous mixture.
MELTING POINT

Melting point is the temperature at which the substance

changes from solid to liquid. Stronger intermolecular forces
means greater amount of energy is needed to break the
attractive forces between molecules. Substances with
stronger IMFA have higher melting points compared to
those with weaker IMFA.
BOILING POINT

Boiling point is the temperature at which the substance

changes from liquid to gas. Similar to melting point,
stronger intermolecular forces means greater amount of
energy is needed to break the attractive forces between
molecules. Substances with stronger IMFA have higher
boiling points compared to those with weaker IMFA.
SURFACE TENSION

Surface Tension is the tendency of a fluid to acquire the

least possible surface area. Molecules with stronger
intermolecular forces will exert greater cohesive forces
and acquire less surface area (higher surface tension) than
those with weaker IMFA.
VISCOSITY

Viscosity is the measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow.

Molecules with stronger intermolecular forces have greater
resistance to flow, and thus, higher viscosity compared to
those with weaker IMFA.
VAPOR PRESSURE
Vapor Pressure is the pressure exerted by a vapor in
equilibrium with its liquid phase in a closed system.
Molecules with stronger intermolecular forces have less
tendency to escape as gas, and thus lower vapor pressure
compared to those with weaker IMFA.
STRENGTHS OF INTERMOLECULAR
FORCES
RENGTHS OF INTERMOLECULAR FORCES

When comparing the strengths of intermolecular forces, check the difference in

molecular weight. If the difference is too large (>1000), then generally, the
molecule with greater molecular weight has stronger intermolecular forces.
Otherwise, you may use the
following strategy:

1. Check which molecule exhibits hydrogen bonding. This molecule will have
stronger intermolecular forces.
2. Check which molecule is polar. Polar molecules have stronger intermolecular
forces.
3. Compare London dispersion forces. More massive molecules have stronger
intermolecular forces.
EXAMPLES:
EXAMPLE 1
Which has higher boiling point, H2O or H2S?
EXAMPLES:

EXAMPLE 1
Which has higher boiling point, H2O or H2S?
ANSWER
H2O exhibits hydrogen bonding. It has stronger intermolecular
forces. Therefore, it has higher boiling point than H2S.
EXAMPLE

Example 2
Which is most likely solid, F2 or I2?
EXAMPLE
Example 2
Which is most likely solid, F2 or I2?

ANSWER: Both fluorine and iodine are nonpolar molecules. They

exhibit London dispersion forces only. Because iodine has higher
molecular mass, it has stronger London dispersion forces. It is most
likely to be solid. (Indeed, I2 is solid while F2 is gas at room
temperature.
THAT’S ALL THANK YOU

MEMBERS;
LEGASPE, XAN REGOR
CARAIG, EDEN ROSE
ESTRERA, KRYSSA MAE
MIRANDA, ANGEL