CE 362 - Topic 3 - Student's

TOPIC 3:3.
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN FOR AXIAL

TENSION
PREPARED BY: ENG’R. JUNELYN J. WENCESLAO
OBJECTIVES:
• 3.1 Reference codes of practice –AISC, NSCP C101
• 3.2 Factors affecting the allowable tensile stress
• 3.3 Gross area, net area, effective net area for bolted/riveted connections
• 3.4 Allowable strength design (ASD) and load-and-resistance factor design (LRFD)
methods
• 3.5 Block Shear
• 3.6 Limiting slenderness of tension members
• 3.7 Allowable tensile strength, ultimate tensile strength
3.1 REFERENCE CODES OF PRACTICE –AISC & NSCP
• DESIGN PHILOSOPHIES
The fundamental requirement of structural design is that the required strength

not exceed the available strength;
A. In ALLOWABLE STRENGTH DESIGN (ASD)

A. In ALLOWABLE STRENGTH DESIGN (ASD)

A.1 In ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN or WORKING STRESS DESIGN- The allowable

stress will be in the elastic range of the material.
B. LOAD AND RESISTANCE FACTOR DESIGN (LRFD)- Load factors are applied to
the service loads, and a member is selected that will have enough strength to
resist the factored loads.
3.2 FACTORS AFFECTING THE ALLOWABLE TENSILE STRESS
• LOAD FACTORS, RESISTANCE FACTORS, AND LOAD COMBINATIONS FOR LRFD
• LOAD COMBINATIONS FOR LRFD
• STRENGTH REDUCTION OR RESISTANCE FACTORS FOR LRFD
• SAFETY FACTORS AND LOAD COMBINATIONS FOR ASD
• SAFETY FACTORS AND LOAD COMBINATIONS FOR ASD
• LOAD COMBINATIONS FOR ASD
• SAFETY FACTOR Ω IN ASD:
• COMPRESSION BUCKLING : Ω =1.67

• YIELDING BUCKLING : Ω =1.67
• RUPTURE: Ω = 2.00
• The relationship between resistance factors and safety factors is given by:
• where: Ω = safety factor

φ = resistance factor
• NOTE: This relationship will produce similar designs for LRFD and ASD
under certain loading conditions.
• The relationship between resistance factors and safety factors is given by:
• where: Ω = safety factor

φ = resistance factor
• NOTE: This relationship will produce similar designs for LRFD and ASD
under certain loading conditions when LIVE LOAD = 3 x DEAD LOAD.
• ALLOWABLE STRENGTH DESIGN TO ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN
ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN

When ALLOWABLE STRENGTH DESIGN is divided by area
ALLOWABLE STRENGTH DESIGN (in the case of axial load) or section modulus (in the case
of bending moment), then the relationship becomes
ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN
ACTIVITY NO.1:
ACTIVITY NO.1: SOLUTION
GIVEN:
A. FIND THE CONTROLLING LOAD USING LRFD LOAD COMBINATION?

GIVEN:
A. FIND THE CONTROLLING LOAD USING LRFD LOAD COMBINATION?

GIVEN:
A. FIND THE CONTROLLING LOAD USING LRFD LOAD COMBINATION, RU?

GIVEN:
B. IF THE RESISTANCE FACTOR F IS 0.90, WHAT IS THE REQUIRED NOMINAL STRENGTH, RN?
GIVEN:
RU = 214.4 KIPS
Φ = 0.9
FIND:
RN =
3.3 GROSS AREA, NET AREA, EFFECTIVE NET AREA FOR
BOLTED/RIVETED CONNECTION
• GROSS AREA (Ag ) is the unreduced area
• NET AREA (An ) is the reduced area

3.3 GROSS AREA, NET AREA, EFFECTIVE NET AREA
FOR BOLTED/RIVETED CONNECTION
A. GROSS AREA, Ag= is simply the total cross-sectional area of a tension member
B. NET AREA, An = net area of the tension member or the reduced area
C. EFFECTIVE AREA, Ae = of a tension member is described as follows:
NOTE IN FINDING An :
1. An = Ag ,when tension member is connected by welds ( all welded & transverse weld
2. An = Ag - Aholes ,when tension member is with fasteners that are in straight line
Aholes = n(db + 1⁄8)t
where:
n = number of bolt holes along
the failure plane
db= bolt diameter
t = material thickness.
NOTE IN FINDING An :
3. An = for tension members with a series of holes in a diagonal or zigzag pattern
where:
s = Longitudinal center-to-center spacing or pitch
between two consecutive holes,
g = Transverse center-to-center spacing or gage
between two consecutive holes
dh = hole diameter
t = material thickness`
C. EFFECTIVE AREA, Ae = of a tension member is described as follows:

NOTE IN FINDING SHEAR LAG FACTOR , U :
1. SHEAR LAG FACTOR , U = The shear lag factor accounts for the non-uniform
stress distribution when some of the elements of a tension member are not
directly connected.
Shear lag factor for common tension member connections, U :
*For bolted splice plates, Ae = An = 0.85 < Ag (U = 1.0)

Adapted from AISCM, Table D3.1
ACTIVITY NO.2:
ACTIVITY NO.2:
ACTIVITY NO.2:
ACTIVITY NO.2:

ACTIVITY NO.2:
ACTIVITY NO.3:
ACTIVITY NO.3:
ACTIVITY NO.3:
ACTIVITY NO.4:
Determine the effective area of the angle ASTM A36 where Ag= 3.61 in2 , x = 0.933
in, t = 0.375 in. ; it is connected with four 3⁄4-in. diameter bolts. Neglect block shear.
FORMULAS: where:
Effective Area: U or shear lag:
ACTIVITY NO.4: Step 1, find An
Note, straight line failure: where:

n = number of bolt holes along
where, An: the failure plane
db= bolt diameter
t = material thickness.
Note, zigzag failure:
where, An:
for:
s = Longitudinal/horizontal center-to-center spacing or pitch
between two consecutive holes,
g = Transverse/vertical center-to-center spacing or gage
between two consecutive holes
dh = hole diameter
t = material thickness`
Note, zigzag failure:
where, An:
The failure plane along ABDE controls, since it has a smaller net area.
ACTIVITY NO.4: Step 2, find U
SOLVE FOR SHEAR LAG , U:

where:
U or shear lag:
ACTIVITY NO.4: Step 3, find
SOLVE FOR EFFECTIVE , Ae :

where:
3.4 ALLOWABLE STRENGTH DESIGN (ASD) AND LOAD-
AND-RESISTANCE FACTOR DESIGN (LRFD) METHODS
• A tension member can fail by reaching one of two limit states:

 EXCESSIVE DEFORMATION- .To prevent excessive deformation, initiated by
yielding, the load on the gross section must be small enough that the
stress on the gross section is less than the yield stress Fy

 EXCESSIVE DEFORMATION- To prevent excessive deformation, initiated by
yielding, the load on the gross section must be small enough that the
stress on the gross section is less than the yield stress Fy
where:
Pn = nominal strength in yielding
Fy = yield stress
Ag = gross area

FRACTURE -To prevent fracture, the stress on the net section must be less
than the tensile strength Fu.

 FRACTURE -To prevent fracture, the stress on the net section must be less
than the tensile strength Fu.
where:
Pn = nominal strength in fracture
Fu = tensile strength
Ae = effective net area
• LRFD for TENSION MEMBERS: In load and resistance factor design,

the factored tensile load is compared to the design strength.
where:
PU = factored loads
φt = 0.90 (for yielding)
φt = 0.90 (for fracture)
• LRFD for TENSION MEMBERS:
for yielding :
Pn = Fy Ag
φt = 0.90
where:
Pu = factored loads
Fy = yield stress
Ag = gross area
• LRFD for TENSION MEMBERS:
for fracture:
Pn = Fu Ae
φt = 0.75
where:
Pu = factored loads
• LRFD for TENSION MEMBERS
For YIELDING LIMIT:
For FRACTURE LIMIT:
NOTE: The smaller value of these is the design strength of the member.
• ASD for TENSION MEMBERS: In allowable strength design, the total

service load is compared to the allowable strength (allowable load):
where:
Pa = required strength/applied load
Pn / Ωt = allowable strength
• ALLOWABLE STRENGTH DESIGN for TENSION MEMBERS:
for yielding :
Pn = Fy Ag
Ωt = 1.67
where:
Pn = nominal strength/load
Fy = yield stress
A = gross area
for fracture :
Pn = Fu Ae
Ωt = 2.00
where:
Pn = nominal strength/load
For YIELDING LIMIT:
For FRACTURE LIMIT:
• ASD for TENSION MEMBERS: In allowable stress design, the service

load stress can be compared to the allowable stress:
where:
allowable strength design/area ft = applied stress
Ft = allowable stress
• ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN for TENSION MEMBERS:

for yielding :
ft = applied stress Ft = allowable stress

for fracture:
ft = applied stress Ft = allowable stress

For YIELDING LIMIT:
For FRACTURE LIMIT:
NOTE: The larger value of these is the design stress of the member.
For YIELDING LIMIT:
For FRACTURE LIMIT:
NOTE 1:
• LRFD for TENSION MEMBERS
For YIELDING LIMIT:
For FRACTURE LIMIT:
NOTE 2:
For YIELDING LIMIT:
For FRACTURE LIMIT:
NOTE 3:
For YIELDING LIMIT:
For FRACTURE LIMIT:
ACTIVITY NO.5:
Determine the maximum factored load that can be applied in tension to the plate
shown in Figure. The material is ASTM A36 where Fy = 36 ksi & Fu = 58 ksi; it is
welded on three sides to the gusset plate using LRFD Method.
STEP 1 : Check Pu for yielding limit:
where:
Fy = 36 ksi
Ag = gross area of plate
Pu = ?
ACTIVITY NO.5:
STEP 1 : Check Pu for yielding limit:
where:
Fy = 36 ksi
Ag = (3/8)(5) = 1.875 in2
Pu = ?
Pu = (0.9)(36 kips/in2)(1.875 in2)
Pu = 60.75 kips
ACTIVITY NO.5:
STEP 2 : Check Pu for fracture limit:
where:
Fu = 58 ksi
Ae = An U
An = Net Area ( check connection of tension members)
An = Ag ( no holes/bolts)
U = Shear lag = 1.0 = fully welded
Pu = ?
ACTIVITY NO.5:
where:
Fu = 58 ksi
Ae = An U
An = Net Area ( check connection of tension members)
An = Ag ( no holes/bolts) =1.875 in2
Pu = ?
ACTIVITY NO.5:
where:
Fu = 58 ksi
Ae = An U
An = Ag ( no holes/bolts) =1.875 in2
Pu = ?
Pu = (0.75)(58 kips/in2)(1.875 in2)
Pu = 81.56 kips
ACTIVITY NO.5:
ANSWER:
Pu = 60.75 kips
– use smaller value in designing factored

loads
3.5 BLOCK SHEAR
For certain connection configurations, a segment or “block” of material at the end of

the member can tear out. For example, the connection of the single-angle tension
member shown is susceptible to this phenomenon, called block shear.
3.5 BLOCK SHEAR
3.5 BLOCK SHEAR
3.5 BLOCK SHEAR
A. The Nominal Strength Based Shear on UNIFORM Tensile Stress:
where:
Agv =gross area subject to shear,
Anv = Net area subject to shear
Ant = Net area subject to tension
Rn = nominal strength
Fy = yield stress
Fu = tensile stress
3.5 BLOCK SHEAR
A. The Nominal Strength Based Shear on UNIFORM Tensile Stress:
B. The Nominal Strength Based Shear on NON-UNIFORM Tensile Stress:

where:
Agv =gross area subject to shear,
Rn = nominal strength
Fy = yield stress
Fu = tensile stress
3.5 BLOCK SHEAR
C. Combining the available tension and shear strength yields the

expression for the available block shear strength:
where:
Φ = 0.75 LRFD
Fu = minimum tensile stress
Fy = minimum yield stress
Agv =gross area subject to shear
Pn = nominal load
Ubs = 1.0 for uniform tension stress & 0.50 for non-uniform tension stress
ACTIVITY NO.6:
Compute the nominal block shear strength of the tension member shown. The holes
are for 7⁄8-inch-diameter bolts, and A36 steel is used.
ACTIVITY NO.6:
FORMULA:
STEP 1: check first the lower limit
where:
Anv = Net Area Subject to Shear c
ACTIVITY NO.6:
FORMULA:
where:
Ant = Net Area Subject to Tension
ACTIVITY NO.6:
FORMULA:

ACTIVITY NO.6:
FORMULA:
STEP 2: check first the upper limit
where:
Agv = Gross Area subject to Shear
ACTIVITY NO.6:
FORMULA:
STEP 2: check first the upper limit

3.6 LIMITING SLENDERNESS OF TENSION MEMBERS
A secondary consideration in the design of tension members is slenderness.
If a structural member has a small cross section in relation to its length, it is said to be
slender.
• A more precise measure:

slenderness ratio= L/r
where :
L is the member length
r is the minimum radius of gyration of the cross-sectional area
3.7 ALLOWABLE TENSILE STRENGTH, ULTIMATE TENSILE STRENGTH
 For tension members designed by LRFD, the requirement is:
• To prevent yielding:
• To avoid fracture:
 For tension members designed by ASD, the requirement is:
• To prevent yielding:
• To avoid fracture:
 The slenderness ratio limitation will be satisfied if:

 The slenderness ratio limitation will be satisfied if:

ACTIVITY NO.7:
ACTIVITY NO.7:
Fy = 36 ksi & Fu= 58 ksi
USING LRFD:
A. Factored Load Pu:
Pu = 1.2DL + 1.6LL
Pu = 1.2(120k) + 1.6(240k)
Pu = 528 k
ACTIVITY NO.7:
USING LRFD:
B. Gross Section for Yielding:
Pu < 0.90FyAg
528 k < 0.90(36 ksi)( 2 x 8.81 in2)
528 k < 0.90(36 ksi)( 2 x 8.81 in2)
528 k < 571 k
528 k < 571 k (ok)

ACTIVITY NO.7:
USING LRFD:
C. Tensile Fracture Strength:
Pu < 0.75Fu Ae
where Ae = An U
where An = Ag - Aholes
An = 2[8.81 in2 – (2)(7/8” + 1/8”)(0.501”)]
An = 15.62 in2
ACTIVITY NO.7:
USING LRFD:
Pu < 0.75Fu Ae
where Ae = An U
where U = 1- x/L
U = 1 – (0.674”)/(2)(3”)
U = 0.89
ACTIVITY NO.7:
USING LRFD:
Pu < 0.75FuAe
thus
Ae = A n U
Ae = (15.62 in2)(0.89)
Ae = 13.90 in2
ACTIVITY NO.7:
USING LRFD:
Pu < 0.75FuAe
thus
528 k < 0.75FuAe
528 k < 0.75(58 ksi)(13.90 in2)
528 k < 604.7 k
528 k < 604.7 k (ok)
ACTIVITY NO.7:
D. Slenderness Ratio:
Ix = (2)(162 in4) = 324 in4

ACTIVITY NO.7:
Ix = (2)(162 in4) = 324 in4

Iy = (2)(5.12 in4) + (2)(8.81 in2)(5.326 in)2
Iy = 510 in4
ACTIVITY NO.7:
rx = 324 𝑖𝑛4 = 4.29 in

17.62 𝑖𝑛2
ry = 510 𝑖𝑛4 = 5.38 in

17.62 𝑖𝑛2
rx < ry
ACTIVITY NO.7:
thus, rmin = rx = 4.29 in.

𝑖𝑛
𝐿𝑥 (12𝑓𝑡 𝑥 30 𝑓𝑡)
𝑟𝑥 = 4.29 𝑖𝑛
𝐿𝑥
=83.9 < 300 ok
𝑟𝑥
REFERENCES:
1. American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC), Manual of Steel Construction,13 TH edition

2. Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines (ASEP), National Structural Code for Buildings and
Other Vertical Structures (NSCP C101. 7th Ed.), 2016
3. ABI AGHAYERE, ASON VIGIL, Structural Steel Design, A PRACTICE-ORIENTED APPROACH, Copyright ©
2009 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458. P

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TOPIC 3:3.

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN FOR AXIAL

The fundamental requirement of structural design is that the required strength

A. In ALLOWABLE STRENGTH DESIGN (ASD)

A. In ALLOWABLE STRENGTH DESIGN (ASD)

A.1 In ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN or WORKING STRESS DESIGN- The allowable

• SAFETY FACTOR Ω IN ASD:

• COMPRESSION BUCKLING : Ω =1.67

• where: Ω = safety factor

• where: Ω = safety factor

ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN

A. FIND THE CONTROLLING LOAD USING LRFD LOAD COMBINATION?

A. FIND THE CONTROLLING LOAD USING LRFD LOAD COMBINATION?

A. FIND THE CONTROLLING LOAD USING LRFD LOAD COMBINATION, RU?

• GROSS AREA (Ag ) is the unreduced area

• NET AREA (An ) is the reduced area

C. EFFECTIVE AREA, Ae = of a tension member is described as follows:

*For bolted splice plates, Ae = An = 0.85 < Ag (U = 1.0)

Aholes = n(db + 1⁄8)t

Note, straight line failure: where:

Note, zigzag failure:

Note, zigzag failure:

SOLVE FOR SHEAR LAG , U:

SOLVE FOR EFFECTIVE , Ae :

• A tension member can fail by reaching one of two limit states:

• A tension member can fail by reaching one of two limit states:

• A tension member can fail by reaching one of two limit states:

• A tension member can fail by reaching one of two limit states:

• LRFD for TENSION MEMBERS: In load and resistance factor design,

• LRFD for TENSION MEMBERS:

• LRFD for TENSION MEMBERS:

• LRFD for TENSION MEMBERS

For YIELDING LIMIT:

For FRACTURE LIMIT:

• ASD for TENSION MEMBERS: In allowable strength design, the total

• ALLOWABLE STRENGTH DESIGN for TENSION MEMBERS:

• ALLOWABLE STRENGTH DESIGN for TENSION MEMBERS:

• ALLOWABLE STRENGTH DESIGN for TENSION MEMBERS:

For YIELDING LIMIT:

For FRACTURE LIMIT:

• ASD for TENSION MEMBERS: In allowable stress design, the service

• ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN for TENSION MEMBERS:

ft = applied stress Ft = allowable stress

ft = applied stress Ft = allowable stress

• ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN for TENSION MEMBERS:

For YIELDING LIMIT:

For FRACTURE LIMIT:

• ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN for TENSION MEMBERS:

For YIELDING LIMIT:

For FRACTURE LIMIT:

• LRFD for TENSION MEMBERS

For YIELDING LIMIT:

For FRACTURE LIMIT:

• ALLOWABLE STRENGTH DESIGN for TENSION MEMBERS:

For YIELDING LIMIT:

For FRACTURE LIMIT:

• ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN for TENSION MEMBERS:

For YIELDING LIMIT:

For FRACTURE LIMIT:

STEP 1 : Check Pu for yielding limit:

STEP 1 : Check Pu for yielding limit:

STEP 2 : Check Pu for fracture limit:

STEP 2 : Check Pu for fracture limit: