CE 362: PRINCIPLES OF

STEEL DESIGN
PREPARED BY: ENG’R. JUNELYN J. WENCESLAO
OBJECTIVES:

• 1. To define what is a steel and its historical background

• 2. To determine the properties of steel, steel shapes and sections
• 3. To identify the civil engineering structures for which the use of
structural steel is applicable for use
• 4. To know the typical stress-strain characteristics of steel in simple
tension and the evaluation of its mechanical properties
 A. STEEL AND ITS HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

• What is a steel?
 A. STEEL AND ITS HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

• What is the historical background of steel?

 The IRON AGE

 A. STEEL AND ITS HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

• What is the historical background of steel?

 The Bessemer Process and Modern

Steelmaking
Henry Bessemer came up with a more
effective way to introduce oxygen into molten
iron to reduce the carbon content.
 A. STEEL AND ITS HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

• What is the historical background of steel?

 The Bessemer Process and Modern

Steelmaking
Bessemer Process, Bessemer designed a pear-
shaped receptacle, referred to as a 'converter' in which
iron could be heated while oxygen could be blown
through the molten metal. As oxygen passed through the
molten metal, it would react with the carbon, releasing
carbon dioxide and producing a more pure iron.
 A. STEEL AND ITS HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

• What is the historical background of steel?

 The Open Hearth Process

Karl Wilhelm Siemens further enhanced
steel production through his creation of the
open hearth process. This produced steel from
pig iron in large shallow furnaces.
 A. STEEL AND ITS HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

• What is the historical background of steel?

 The Open Hearth Process

This method allowed for the production
of much larger quantities (50-100 metric tons in
one furnace), periodic testing of the molten
steel so it could be made to meet particular
specifications, and the use of scrap steel as a
raw material
 A. STEEL AND ITS HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

• What is the historical background of steel?

 Electric Arc Furnace Steelmaking

Paul Heroult's electric arc furnace (EAF)
was designed to pass an electric current
through charged material, resulting in
exothermic oxidation and temperatures up to
3,272 degrees Fahrenheit (1,800 degrees
Celsius), more than sufficient to heat steel
production.
 A. STEEL AND ITS HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

• What is the historical background of steel?

 Electric Arc Furnace Steelmaking

Because EAFs can produce steel from 100
percent scrap—or cold ferrous—feed, less energy
per unit of production is needed. As opposed to
basic oxygen hearths, operations also can be
stopped and started with little associated cost. For
these reasons, production via EAFs has been steadily
increasing for more than 50 years and accounted for
about 33 percent of global steel production, as of
2017.
 A. STEEL AND ITS HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

• What is the historical background of steel?

 Oxygen Steelmaking
The majority of global steel
production—about 66 percent—is produced in
basic oxygen facilities. The development of a
method to separate oxygen from nitrogen on an
industrial scale in the 1960s allowed for major
advances in the development of basic oxygen
furnaces.
B. PROPERTIES OF STEEL, STEEL SHAPES AND SECTIONS
B. PROPERTIES OF STEEL, STEEL SHAPES AND SECTIONS
 B. PROPERTIES OF STEEL, STEEL SHAPES AND SECTIONS

• What are the types of steel sections?

 Hot Rolled Steel Sections

In this manufacturing process, which takes
place in a mill, molten steel is taken from an electric
arc furnace and poured into a continuous casting
system where the steel solidifies but is never allowed
to cool completely. The hot steel passes through a
series of rollers that squeeze the material into the
desired cross-sectional shape.
 B. PROPERTIES OF STEEL, STEEL SHAPES AND SECTIONS

• What are the types of steel sections?

 Hot Rolled Steel Sections

Rolling the steel while it is still hot allows it
to be deformed with no resulting loss in ductility, as
would be the case with cold working. During the
rolling process, the member increases in length and
is cut to standard lengths, usually a maximum of 65
to 75 feet, which are subsequently cut to the lengths
required for a particular structure.
 B. PROPERTIES OF STEEL, STEEL SHAPES AND SECTIONS
 Hot Rolled Steel Sections Uses
 B. PROPERTIES OF STEEL, STEEL SHAPES AND SECTIONS
 Hot Rolled Steel Sections Uses
B. PROPERTIES OF STEEL, STEEL SHAPES AND SECTIONS
B. PROPERTIES OF STEEL, STEEL SHAPES AND SECTIONS
B. PROPERTIES OF STEEL, STEEL SHAPES AND SECTIONS
B. PROPERTIES OF STEEL, STEEL SHAPES AND SECTIONS
 C. CIVIL ENGINEERING STEEL STRUCTURES

• Metal Fabricators across the world prefer

using structural steel for construction. It is
widely used:
1. To Build High Rise Buildings
Structural steel is resistant to external
forces such as wind and earthquakes. It is a
flexible metal, so in the case of a storm or an
earthquake, the steel component in the building
will not break but bend.
 C. CIVIL ENGINEERING STEEL STRUCTURES

2. To Build Industrial Sheds

Another benefit of structural steel is
that it is cost effective. With the availability of
ready-made steel sections, structural
frameworks can be erected in no time.
Moreover, a lot of work can be pre- done in
the industrial site, thereby saving time and
money.
 C. CIVIL ENGINEERING STEEL STRUCTURES

3. To Build Residential Buildings

As mentioned above, these buildings
have to stand the test of time. They should
be able to withstand external forces such as
wind, earthquakes, and storms. The plasticity
and flexibility of structural steel make it
suitable for the construction of residential
buildings. A technique called light gauge steel
construction is used to build residential
buildings.
 C. CIVIL ENGINEERING STEEL STRUCTURES

4. To Build Bridges
Steel has a high strength to
weight ratio, which means, steel is a
tensile metal. It is durable and can
withstand the weight of a fleet of cars
and people. These qualities enable
engineers, designers, and fabricators to
build large, monumental bridges that can
stand the test of time.
 C. CIVIL ENGINEERING STEEL STRUCTURES

5. To Build Parking Garages

Another quality that makes

it distinctly suitable in construction
is that it is lightweight. This makes
it easier to construct structures.
D. STRESS-STRAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF STEEL IN SIMPLE TENSION
DUCTILITY ELONGATION:
ELASTIC RANGE
The elastic limit of the material is a stress that lies between the proportional limit and the
upper yield point. Up to this stress, the specimen can be unloaded without permanent
deformation; the unloading will be along the linear portion of the diagram, the same path
followed during loading.
PLASTIC RANGE
A peak value, the upper yield point, is quickly reached after that, followed by a leveling off
at the lower yield point. The stress then remains constant, even though the strain continues to
increase. At this stage of loading, the test specimen continues to elongate as long as the load is
not removed, even though the load cannot be increased. This constant stress region is called the
yield plateau, or plastic range.
 The proportional limit, elastic limit, and the upper and lower yield points are all very
close to one another and are treated as a single point called the yield point, defined by the stress
Fy.
 The other point of interest to the structural engineer is the maximum value of stress
that can be attained, called the ultimate tensile strength, Fu.
FORMULAS ON THIS TOPIC:
.

STRESS STRAIN
FORMULAS ON THIS TOPIC:

E
E

YOUNG’S MODULUS, OR MODULUS OF ELASTICITY

FORMULAS ON THIS TOPIC:

DUCTILITY ELONGATION
EXAMPLE NO. 1:
EXAMPLES:

A. 75 psi B. 68 psi C. 86 psi

EXAMPLES:

A. 75 psi B. 68 psi C. 86 psi

EXAMPLES:

B. 68 psi
EXAMPLES:

A. 3.5 x 10-6 B. 1.5 x 10-6 C. 2.35 x 10-6

EXAMPLES:

A. 3.5 x 10-6 B. 1.5 x 10-6 C. 2.35 x 10-6

EXAMPLES:

C. 2.35 x 10-6
REFERENCES:

HTTPS://WWW.SLIDESHARE.NET/BINYAHYA2/STRESS-AND-STRAIN-59757601
HTTPS://WWW.ENGINEERINGTOOLBOX.COM/AMERICAN-WIDE-FLANGE-STEEL-BEAMS-D_1319.HTML
HTTPS://WWW.SLIDESHARE.NET/NADIMNIT/22924407-INSDAG2008?NEXT_SLIDESHOW=37014737