Bonding

How Atoms Make Up Everything

Valence Electrons
 Valence Electrons
• Electrons are in shells This is what we used to
think that electron
• Each shell is an energy level shells look like, but the
reality is more like the
• Electrons want to stay at the image below.
lowest energy level possible
• There is limited space in each
shell
• Valence Electrons
• Electrons in the outermost
shell
 The Octet Rule
• The maximum number of electrons
in a valence shell is 8
• Atoms will gain or lose electrons to
reach 8
• Gain to reach 8
• Lose to reveal full shell (of 8)
underneath
• The closer they are to 8 (or 0), the
more aggressively they react
 Gaining and Losing - Charges
Gained electrons Lost Electrons
• The atom now has more • The atom now has more protons
electrons than protons than electrons
• Will have a negative charge • Will have a positive charge
equal to the number of equal to the number of electrons
electrons gained lost
 Consistency in Groups
• Remember: elements in
groups/families share the same
properties
• Alkali
• Alkaline Earth
• Halogens
• Noble Gases
• Valence electrons drive reactivity
• In a group/family, all have the same
number of valence electrons
Finding Group Numbers
 How to Calculate Charge
Group # 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18

# Valence
Electrons 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Electron Lose 1 Lose 2 Lose 3 Gain or Gain 3 Gain 2 Gain 1 Do nothing

Activity Lose 4

Charge +1 +2 +3 +/- 4 -3 -2 -1 0

Dot
Diagram X X X X X X X X
 Bonding Types
• There are three types of chemical
bonds
• Ionic – electrons are given and taken
• Covalent – electrons are shared
• Metallic – electrons flow in an
electron sea
• We will focus on ionic and covalent
bonds
 Ionic Bonding
Naming and Writing Ionic Compounds
 Ionic Compound Properties
• Ions aren’t literally attached to each
other – rather, are held together by the
attraction between the + and – ions
• Form crystals with alternating + and –
ions
• Have high melting points
• Conduct electricity when melted or
dissolved
• Scientific name for ionic compounds is
salts
 Ionic Bonding - Rules
• Always form between metal and nonmetal
• You can only have ONE type of metal in a given compound
• Metal will give up electrons
• Nonmetal will take electrons
• Form in the lowest whole number ratio needed to get every
atom involved to an octet
• Always write the metal first, then the nonmetal
 Let us Practice Ionic BOnding
• Criss Cross Method • Lewis Dot Bonding
Sodium + Chlorine

Na Cl
 Sodium + Chlorine

(Na Cl
 Sodium Chloride
(NaCl)

Na
Cl
 Criss Cross Method

1
• Find the charge of each element.

1
(Na
Sodium Chloride
(Cl
)
For naming an ionic bond, just

)
copy the name of the metal and
(NaCl) change the last two or three
letters of the nonmetal to “ide”
Magnesium + Iodine
Magnesium + Iodine
 Magnesium + Iodine
Magnesium Iodide (MgI2)

2
 Criss Cross Method
• Find the charge of each element.

2 1
(Mg (I)
) Magnesium Iodide (MgI2)
Potassium + Chlorine
Potassium + Chlorine
 Potassium + Iodine
Potassium Iodide (KI)
 Criss Cross Method
• Find the charge of each element.

1 1
(K) (Cl
Potassium Chloride (KI)
 Activity 1:
• Answer your activity
Covalent Bonding
 Covalent Bonding
• Only occur between two (or more) nonmetals
• Electrons are shared between the atoms
• Bonds are made of 2 electrons
• Each atom contributes one electron to the bond
• Each unpaired electron must be paired up
• Formula is based on the number of atoms of each element required
• Note: Some elements (C, O, N, P, S) can make double or triple bonds (share
two or three electron pairs)
 How Many Covalent Bonds?
Group Hydrogen 14 15 16 17

# Valence
1 4 5 6 7
Electrons

# Unpaired
1 4 3 2 1
Electrons

# Bonds
1 4 3 2 1
Needed

Dot Diagram X X X X X
 Covalent Compound Properties
• Bonds are much weaker than ionic bonds
• Think of the particles as being super-glued
together
• Much lower melting and boiling points
than ionic compounds
• Can be solids, liquids, or gases
• Non-conductive in any phase
• Called molecules
• Molecular formula
• Exact makeup of one molecule of the
compound
Example: H + Cl
Valence Electron:
 Example:
2H + O
Valence Electron:
 Example:
Valence Electron:
C + 2O

O C O
 Example:
C + 4Cl
Valence Electron:
 Example:
Valence Electron:
C + 4H

H C H

H
 CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING
Write down the covalent bond representation using Lewis electron dot structure
of the following elements:
1. H + Br
2. C + 4Cl
 Answers:

1. H – Br

Cl
3. Cl - C - Cl
Cl
Valence
Shell Planar

Electron
triangular

Tetrahedral

Pair
Repulsion Trigonal
pyramidal

Theory Bent
VSEPR Theory
• Based on Electron Dot (Lewis structures)

• Theory predicts shapes of compounds

• abbreviated VSEPR

•VSEPR (pronounced “vesper”) stands for:

Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion

• VSEPR predicts shapes based on electron pairs repelling

(in bonds or by themselves)

• Electrons around central nucleus repel each other. So, structures

have atoms maximally spread out
 Molecular Shape
VSEPR theory assumes that the shape
of a molecule is determined by the
repulsion of electron pairs.
VSEPR overview
• Each shape has a name
(you will have to know these)
• Names of Shapes:
• tetrahedral

• trigonal pyramidal

• Bent

• Linear

• trigonal planar
Seesaw
Linear
Trigonal Planar
Bent
Tetrahedral
Trigonal Pyramidal
Trigonal Bipyramidal
Seesaw
Octahedral
Bond Polarity
 C. Bond Polarity

 Most bonds are a blend of ionic and covalent

characteristics.

1. Nonpolar Covalent Bond

2. Polar Covalent Bond
3. Ionic Bond
C. Bond Polarity

 Nonpolar Covalent Bond

 e- are shared equally
 symmetrical e- density [H–H]
 usually identical atoms
C. Bond Polarity

 Polar Covalent Bond + -

 e- are shared unequally [H–F]
 asymmetrical e- density
 results in partial charges (dipole)

 +
 -
C. Bond Polarity

 Nonpolar

 Polar

 Ionic
C. Bond Polarity

Electronegativity
Attraction an atom has for a shared pair of
electrons.
higher e-neg atom  -
lower e-neg atom +
C. Bond Polarity
 Electronegativity Trend
 Increases up and to the right.
C. Bond Polarity

Electronegativity differences used to predict

polarity of a bond.

Bond Polarity Electronegative difference

Ionic 2
Polar Covalent 0.5 – 1.8
Nonpolar Covalent <0.5
Example:

1.) S + O 2.) C + 4F

Polar nonpolar Polar nonpolar

NA MI N G C O VA L E N T
C OM P O U N D S
IS AL L NONM E TAL S
WHEN IT
COMPOUNDS VS MOLECULES
•A compound is any substance composed of
two or more DIFFERENT elements.
•A molecule is any substance composed of
two or more atoms covalently bonded.
NAMING COVALENT COMPOUNDS
Two nonmetals
Name each element
End the last element in -ide
Add prefixes to show more than 1 atom
PREFIXES
MON 1 HEXA 6
DI 2 HEPTA 7
TRI3 OCTA 8
TETRA 4 NONA 9
PENTA 5 DECA 10
LEARNING CHECK
FILL IN THE BLANKS TO COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING
NAMES OF COVALENT COMPOUNDS.
CO CARBON ______OXIDE
CO2 CARBON _______________
PCL3 PHOSPHORUS _______CHLORIDE
CCL4 CARBON ________CHLORIDE
N2O _____NITROGEN _____OXIDE
 Calcium sulfide

Iron (II) oxide

Magnesium chlorate

Calcium sulfate

Iron (III) oxide

Magnesium chloride

Sodium phosphide

Iron oxide

Sodium phosphate

6
 Phosphorus chloride

Phosphorus trichloride

Monophosphorus trichloride

Nitrogen dioxide

Dinitrogen monoxide

Carbon tetrachloride

Carbon chloride

Diphosphorus pentoxide

Phosphorus oxide

7
8
9