John Dalton developed the first atomic model in the 1800s, proposing that all matter is made of indivisible atoms that can be rearranged in chemical reactions. In the 1890s, J.J. Thomson discovered the electron and proposed that atoms contain positively charged matter with electrons embedded within. Ernest Rutherford's gold foil experiment in the 1910s found that atoms have a small, dense positively charged nucleus, leading to his planetary model of electrons orbiting the nucleus. Niels Bohr later improved on this by proposing electrons orbit in specific energy levels.
John Dalton developed the first atomic model in the 1800s, proposing that all matter is made of indivisible atoms that can be rearranged in chemical reactions. In the 1890s, J.J. Thomson discovered the electron and proposed that atoms contain positively charged matter with electrons embedded within. Ernest Rutherford's gold foil experiment in the 1910s found that atoms have a small, dense positively charged nucleus, leading to his planetary model of electrons orbiting the nucleus. Niels Bohr later improved on this by proposing electrons orbit in specific energy levels.
John Dalton developed the first atomic model in the 1800s, proposing that all matter is made of indivisible atoms that can be rearranged in chemical reactions. In the 1890s, J.J. Thomson discovered the electron and proposed that atoms contain positively charged matter with electrons embedded within. Ernest Rutherford's gold foil experiment in the 1910s found that atoms have a small, dense positively charged nucleus, leading to his planetary model of electrons orbiting the nucleus. Niels Bohr later improved on this by proposing electrons orbit in specific energy levels.
ATOMIC MODELS JOHN DALTON TIMELINE: 1800s UNDERSTANDING OF ATOMS DID NOT PROGRESS MUCH BEYOND DEMOCRITUS’ THEORY UNTIL THE ENGLISH CHEMIST JOHN DALTON (1766-1844) STARTED TO LOOK AT IT IN THE 1800S.
HE DID EXPERIMENTS, WORKED OUT SOME
ATOMIC WEIGHTS, AND INVENTED SYMBOLS FOR ATOMS AND MOLECULES. DALTON’S MOST IMPORTANT CONCLUSIONS ARE SUMMARIZED AS FOLLOWS: • ALL MATTER IS MADE OF ATOMS, AND ATOMS ARE INDESTRUCTIBLE AND CANNOT BE BROKEN DOWN INTO PIECES. • ALL THE ATOMS OF A PARTICULAR ELEMENT ARE IDENTICAL TO EACH OTHER AND DIFFERENT FROM THE ATOMS OF OTHER ELEMENTS. • ATOMS ARE REARRANGED IN CHEMICAL REACTION • COMPOUNDS ARE FORMED WHEN TWO OR MORE DIFFERENT KINDS OF ATOMS JOIN TOGETHER. JOSEPH JOHN THOMSON TIMELINE: 1890’s • HE DISCOVERED THE ELECTRON, WHICH IS A TINY NEGATIVELY CHARGED PARTICLE SMALLER THAN ANY ATOM.
• HE WAS ABLE TO DISCOVER THE NEGATIVELY
CHARGED PARTICLE CALLED ELECTRON USING A PIECE OF EQUIPMENT CALLED A CATHODE RAY TUBE.
• HIS DISCOVERY SHOWED THAT ATOMS WERE NOT
INDIVISIBLE BUT COMPOSED OF SUBATOMIC PARTICLES THAT ARE ELECTRICALLY CHARGED. • HE SAID THAT THE NEGATIVELY CHARGED ELECTRONS WERE EMBEDDED IN A POSITIVELY CHARGED MASS SIMILAR TO THE WAY RAISINS EMBEDDED IN A LOAF OF BREAD. ERNEST RUTHERFORD Timeline: 1910’s ERNEST RUTHERFORD WAS NOT CONVINCED ABOUT THE MODEL OF THE ATOM PROPOSED BY THOMSON. HE THUS SET UP HIS FAMOUS GOLD FOIL EXPERIMENT. • HE FIRED ALPHA PARTICLES (POSITIVELY CHARGE) AT A GOLD FOIL.
• HE MEASURED THE DEFLECTION AT THE
PARTICLES COME OUT THE OTHER SIDE.
• MOST OF THE PARTICLES DID NOT
DEFLECT AT ALL. EVERY NOW AND THEN A PARTICLE WOULD DEFLECT ALL THE WAY BACK. • HE SAID THAT THERE MUST BE A POSITIVE CENTRE OF THE FOIL. HE CALLED THIS CENTRE THE NUCLEUS. RUTHERFORD’S ATOMIC MODEL AKA THE PLANETARY MODEL 1. THE NUCLEUS OF THE ATOM IS A DENSE MASS OF POSITIVELY CHARGED PARTICLES.
2. THE ELECTRONS ORBIT THE NUCLUES.
3. A PROBLEM WAS RAISED: WHY ARE THE
NEGATIVELY CHARGED PARTICLES NOT ATTRACTED BY THE POSITIVELY CHARGED NUCLEUS. 4. RUTHERFORD STATED THAT THE ATOM WAS LIKE A MINI SOLAR SYSTEM AND THAT THE ELECTRONS ORBITED THE NUCLEUS IN A WIDE ORBIT. THAT IT WHY IT IS KNOWN AS A PLANETARY MODEL NIELS BOHR TIMELINE: 1910’S In 1913, Neils Bohr made an improvement on Rutherford’s model. In his model, he placed each electron in specific energy levels. This electron moved in definite orbits around the nucleus just like the movement of planets around the Sun in the solar system. These orbits of energy levels were located at certain distances around the nucleus. WAVE MODEL
- The theory of wave mechanics explains
that the movement of electrons about an atom has no definite path. It is therefore impossible to determine the exact location of an electron. Scientists can only predict the probable location of an electron. It is based on how much energy it has.