The learners should be able to:

1. Describe the ideas proposed by the different scientist

about atomic model.
2. Manifest the importance of the atomic model.
ATOMIC
MODEL
DEMOCRITUS 460 B.C.
GREEK PHILOSOPHER
• All matter is made up of tiny particles
called atomos.
• Atom are indivisible
• Atom have been, and always will be in
motion.
• Between atoms there is empty space.
• There are an infinite number of atoms,
and kinds of atoms, which differ in
shape, and size.
 Dalton’s Model of the atom: solid and indestructible

John Dalton was an English chemist, physicist,

and meteorology, He is best known for his
pioneering works in the development of modern
atomic theory in 1808.
 Elements are made of extremely small
particles called atoms.
• Atoms of a given element are identical in
size mass, and other properties. Atoms of
different elements differ in size, mass, and
other properties.
• Atoms of different elements combine in
simple whole number ratios to form chemical
compounds.
John Dalton • In chemical reactions, atoms are combined,
separated, or rearranged.
J.J. Thomson English Physicist 1856-1940
In 1897, Thomson showed that cathode rays were composed of previously unknown negatively charged particles,
which he calculated must have bodies much smaller than atoms. He is credited with the discovery and identification of
the electron; and with the discovery of the first subatomic particle.
• Discovered the first subatomic particle, the electron, 1897
• Electrons were originally termed “corpuscles” by Thomson in 1897. Scientists later changes the name to “electrons”
• Discovered electrons using cathode ray tubes.
• Developed the “plum-pudding ” model of the atom.
A Crookes tube is an early experimental electrical discharge tube, with partial vacuum, invented by English
physicist William Crookes and other around 1869-1875, in which cathodes rays, streams of electrons, were
discovered.
 Along with Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden in 1909, Rutherford carried out the gold
foil experiment which demonstrated that at the center of an atom is a small dense
nucleus. It was Rutherford’s interpretation of results from the experiment that led him
to formulate the Rutherford model of the atom in 1911- that a very small charged
nucleus, containing much of the atoms mass, was orbited by low-mass electrons.

19 19
30 40
Ernest
Rutherford
Differentiated and New Zealand-born British
named alpha and beta Scientist 1871-1937 At the center of each atom is a very
radiation. Won Nobel dense, positively charged ”nucleus.”
prize in chemistry in Nobel Prize 1908 -
1908. Physics Discovered protons in 1914
Known as the father of The atom consists of mostly empty
nuclear physics space, with all its positive charged
His most famous concentrated in its center in a very
experiment known as tiny volume, surrounded by a cloud
the “gold foil of electrons.
experiment”
Ernest Rutherford’s Gold Foil
Experiment
 Niels Bohr was a Danish physicist who made foundational contributions to understanding atomic structure for
which he received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1922. Bohr developed the Bohr model of the atom, in which he
proposed that energy levels of electrons are discrete and that the electrons revolve in orbits around the atomic
nucleus but can jump from one level (or orbit) to another.

19
40

Niels Bohr 1885-1962 Danish

Physicist Nobel Prize –
Physics - 1922
Electrons move around the nucleus of an atom in circular
motion.
Electrons have a set number of orbitals, ring-like paths around
the nucleus, they can travel in called stationary states. If the
electron stays in one orbital, the energy of the electron remains
constant. The first orbital is n=1, the second orbital n=2 and so
on. (these values of n are called quantum numbers.)
Electrons can only move from one orbital to
another allowed orbital at one time. If an
electron drops down from n=2 to n=1 energy
is emitted, and if the electron moves up from
n=1 to n=2 energy is absorbed. The amount of
energy that is either absorbed or emitted is
called quanta.
The Bohr’s Model
 QUANTUM MECHANICAL MODEL
Ernest Rutherford ( 1914 )
Erwin Schrodinger ( 1920s ) James Chadwick ( 1932 )
TO YOU AS A STUDENT OR A BUSINESS
ENTREPRENUER SOMEDAY. HOW WILL
YOU APPLY YOUR KNOWLEDGE AND
UNDERSTANDING ABOUT THE ATOMIC
MODEL IF YOU WANT TO START UP A
BUSINESS?