CHEMISTRY-the scientific study of the properties

and behaviour of matter.

Matter- is anything that occupy space and has
mass.
Atom- the building block of matter.

Nucleus-the central part of the atom where protons

and neutrons are found.
SUB-ATOMIC PARTICLES OF THE ATOM:
Protons (p+) –the positively charged particle of an
atom.
-found inside the nucleus of the atom.
-discovered by Ernest Rutherford.
Electrons (e )- the negatively charged particle of an
-

atom.
-found inside the nucleus of the atom.
-discovered by Joseph John Thomson.
Neutrons (0)- the neutrally charged particle of the
atom.
-also found inside the nucleus of the atom.
-discovered by James Chadwick.
HISTORY OF THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM:
1.Solid Sphere Model (John Dalton)

-this model was proposed by John Dalton in 1803.

-Dalton drew upon the ancient Greek idea of the
atoms (from the word “atomos” meaning indivisible).
-John Dalton stated in his theory that atoms are
indivisible, those of a given element are identical and
compounds are combinations of different types of
atoms.
2. Plum Pudding Model (Joseph John Thomson)
-Thomson made this model in 1904.
-Thomson discovered electrons in 1897.
-The Plum Pudding Model shows the atom as
composed of electrons scattered throughout a
spherical cloud of positive charge.
-the model has no nucleus but it recognised electrons
as part of the atom.
3.Nuclear Model (Ernest Rutherford)
-in 1911, Ernest Rutherford fired positively charged
alpha particles at a thin sheet of gold foil. Most
passed through with little deflection but some
deflected at large angles.
-this was only possible if the atom was mostly empty
space, with the positive charge concentrated in the
center called Nucleus.

4.Planetary Model (Niels Bohr)

-in 1913, Bohr modified Rutherford’s model of the
atom by stating that electrons moved around the
nucleus in orbits of fixed sizes and energies.
5.Quantum Mechanical Model (Louis de Broglie,
Erwin Schrodinger, Werner Karl Heisenberg)
-in 1926, Schrodinger stated that electrons do not
move in paths around the nucleus but in waves.
-it is impossible to know the exact location of the
electrons, instead they move in cloud of probability
called as Electron Cloud.
-widely accepted as the most accurate model of the
atom.
QUANTUM MECHANICAL MODEL
-developed by Erwin Schrodinger, Louie de Broglie,
and Werner Karl Heisenberg.
Louis de Broglie (1924)-proposed that the electron
(which is thought of as a particle) could also be
thought of as a wave.
Erwin Schrodinger- a German scientist used the
wave idea of Louie de Broglie to develop a
mathematical equation to describe a Hydrogen
atom.
-according to him, electrons do not travel through
orbits but instead in a space called as cloud.
Werner Karl Heisenberg-discovered that for a
very small particle like the electron, its location
cannot be exactly known and how it is moving.
This is known as UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE.
 Uncertainty Principle-you can’t locate the
exact position of an electron at any given time
(too small, too fast).