Periodic Table of Elements-the

arrangement of elements in increasing

atomic number.
Elements-the simplest form of substance.
Metals-the elements found at the left side
of the periodic table.
-they are good conductors of electricity.
Nonmetals-the elements found at the
right side of the periodic table.
-they are poor conductors of electricity.
Metalloids-these are sometimes called as
semimetals.
 -they possess properties of both metals
and non-metals.
-Boron, Silicon, Germanium, Arsenic,
Antimony, Tellurium, and Polonium
Compounds-these are made up of two or
more elements chemically bound together.
-example: NaCl (Sodium Chloride)
-Ionic compound(formed from metal and
nonmetal), and Covalent compound(formed
from two non-metals or a metalloid and
nonmetal).
CHEMICAL BONDING
-a lasting attraction between atoms, ions or
molecules that enables the formation of
chemical compounds.
Types of Chemical Bonds:
1.Ionic Bond-a bond formed through
complete transfer of electrons from one
atom to another atom.
-it exists between metals and non-metals.
-it is formed after a metal atom transfer its
VALENCE ELECTRON to non-metal atom.
Ions-these are charged atoms.
  Cation-a positive ion.
-it loses electrons.
 Anion-a negative ion.
-it gains electrons.
Valence Electron-is the electron found in
the outermost shell of the atom.
-it is also the group/family number of an
element in the periodic table.
2. Covalent Bond-also called as Molecular
Bond.
-it is a bond that involves sharing of
electrons between atoms.
-it commonly occurs when two non-metals
bond together or a metalloid and a non-
metal.

Two types of Covalent Bonds:

Nonpolar Covalent Bond-equal sharing
of electrons.
-if the difference of their electronegativity
is 0.
-example: H2, I2
Polar Covalent bond-unequal sharing of
electrons.
 -the difference of their electronegativity is
greater than 0 but less than 2.0.
-examples: HF, ICl, NO
*Electronegativity-the ability of an atom
to gain electron when it is part of a
molecule.
-the greater the pull of electrons, the higher
the electronegativity.

PROPERTIES OF IONIC AND COVALENT

COMPOUNDS:
 Properties Ionic Covalent
Existence Exist in the Exist as
Solid state solid, liquid,
only and gas
Conductivity Low Very low
conductivity conductivity
Hardness Very Not
Hard/Brittle hard/More
flexible
Melting and High Low
Boiling Points
Malleability Non- Non-
malleable malleable
Ductility Non-ductile Non-ductile
Volatility Low High
Solubility Soluble in Insoluble in
water but water but
insoluble in soluble in
organic organic
solvent solvent