chem summery chapter 3

Chemical bonding: strong forces that hold atom and ions

The three types of chemical bonding: ionic, covalent, and metallic

Ionic bonding: strong electrostatic force of attraction between oppositely charge ions

Ionic bond:-

-Ionic compounds are formed when metal atoms react with non-metal atoms

-Metal atoms lose their outer electrons which the non-metal atoms gain to form positive and negative
ions

-The positive and negative ions are held together by strong electrostatic forces of attraction between
opposite charges

Properties of ionic compounds:-

1- all ionic compounds are solid in room temperature

2- high melting and boiling points
1- 3-conduct electricity when melted or dissolved in water
3- many are soluble in water

reason of these properties :-

4- there is a regular arrangement of the ions in a lattice

5- ions are attracted to each other by strong electrostatic forces
6- in the liquid or solution, the ions are free to move
7- water is attracted to charged ions and therefore many ionic solids dissolve

Dot and cross diagrams are diagrams that show the arrangement of the outer-shell electrons in an ionic
or covalent compound or element

Covalent bonding: formed by sharing one or more pairs of electrons between two atoms

Covalent compounds:-

-Covalent compounds are formed when pairs of electrons are shared between atoms

-Only non-metal elements participate in covalent bonding

-As in ionic bonding, each atom gains a full outer shell of electrons, giving them a noble gas electronic
configuration

-When two or more atoms are covalently bonded together, we describe them as ‘molecules’

Properties of covalent compounds:-

1- Can be gasses liquids or solids

2- Low melting and boiling point
3- Poor electrical conductor
4- Many soluble in non-polar liquids but not water
chem summery chapter 3

Reason for these properties:-

1 and 2: They are made of simple covalent molecules. The forces between the molecules are very weak.
Not much energy is needed to move the molecules further apart.
3: There are no free electrons or ions present to carry the electrical current
4: water is a polar solvent but covenant compounds are non-polar

Hydrogen bonding: the electrostatic force between the hydrogen and most electronegative atom

Electronegative elements: nitrogen group and halogen group

Electrostatic forces: strong forces if attraction between oppositely charged atoms

Properties of metallic, compound, mixture:-

metallic compound mixture

High melting and boiling point High melting and boiling point Not chemically combined

Conduct electricity good conductors of electricity in Two or more substances

the molten state or in solution
Easily shaped Usually, solid No chemical changes take place

Metals: good conductors of heat and electricity, high melting point

Non-metals : poor conductors of heat and electricity , low melting point