IONIC,

COVALENT
AND METTALIC
BONDING
 WE WILL COVER THESE
TOPICS
1 11 111
IONS IONIC BONDING COVALENT BONDING

1V V
GIANT COVALENT
METALLIC BONDING
BONDING
 What are chemical bonds?

• An element is made up of just one type of atom, usually

joined to the atoms of the same element by bonds, such
as chlorine, Cl₂
• However, compounds are formed when different
elements chemically react and form bonds with each
other
• Atoms bond with each other in order to gain a stable
arrangement of outer shell electrons.
 HOW ARE IONS FORMED?
• Ion, any atom or group of atoms that bears one or more positive or negative
electrical charges.
• These charged atoms are called ions and held together by electrostatic attraction
forces.
• Positively charged ions are called cations; negatively charged ions, anions.
• Ions are formed by the addition of electrons to, or the removal of electrons from,
neutral atoms, molecules or other ions.
• Example of these processes include the reaction of a sodium atom with a chlorine
 atom to form a sodium cation and a chloride anion;

By transferring electrons, they

can achieve a stable
configuration and a filled outer
shell by donating or sharing one
electron with another atom or a
molecule
 TYPES OF BONDING

There are three primary types of bonding: Ionic, Covalent, and

Metallic;

1. IONIC BONDING
2. COVALENT BONDING
3. METALLIC BONDING
 IONIC BONDING

• The ionic bond is formed due to the

“electrostatic attraction between stable
ions formed by the complete transfer of
electrons from one atom to another”.

• The atom which loses electrons acquires a

positive charge, whereas the one which
gains electrons becomes negatively
charged.

• Ionic bonds: anions + cations

 IONIC BONDING

• Ionic substances are formed when an atom that

loses electrons relatively easily reacts with an atom
that gains electrons easily.
• In other words, an ionic compound results when a
metal reacts with a nonmetal.
Example : NaCL
The electronic arrangement of Na and Cl atoms are:
Na (11)  (2,8,1)
Cl (17)  (2,8,7)

The electron from the outermost orbit of Na is completely

transferred to the outermost orbit of Cl atom. As a result of this
transfer, both have complete outer shell.
The Na becomes Na+ (2, 8) and Cl become Cl– (2, 8, 8).
 PROPERTIES OF IONIC BONDING

Ionic bond exhibit following properties:

• Ionic bond are generally very strong and hard solids, as they have
strong electrostatic forces of attraction.
• They have high melting and boiling point, as it takes a lot of heat
to break their bonds.
• Ionic bond are soluble in water.
• Ionic bond in solid state are poor conductors of electricity,
however they conduct electricity when in molten or aqueous form
as they have free ions.
• The higher the charge the stronger the ionic bond.
 COVALENT BONDING

• Formation of molecules by the

sharing of electrons, the bond
formed is called covalent bond.
• Instead of losing or gaining
valence electrons, atoms in
covalent bonds share valence
electrons
• Octet rule: Atoms need to
become stable by having 8
electrons in their outer shell.
 COVALENT BONDING
• The sharing of electrons to form
chemical bond between two atoms is
described by showing pairs of
electrons between the bonded atoms.
• If one pair of electrons is shared, the
bond formed is called single bond,
whereas sharing of two or three pairs
of electrons leads to the formation of
double or triple bonds respectively.
• Due to sharing of electrons, both the
bonding atoms acquire complete outer
shell.
 COVALENT BONDING
Example 1: the formation of hydrogen molecule from 2
hydrogen atoms.

The covalent
bond is
Example 2: the formation of CH4 represented by
(–).
SOME OTHER EXAMPLES OF COVALENT BONDS
Single bond

Double bonds

Triple bonds
 PROPERTIES OF COVALENT BONDING
Covalent compounds possess following
general characteristics:

• Covalent compounds have low melting and

boiling points;
• These molecular compounds are usually
liquids or gases at room temperature, many of
the liquids are volatile; this is because
they have weak intermolecular forces and it does
not take much energy to break up the lattice and
separate them.
• Intermolecular forces: forces between molecules
• There are no charged particles.
• They are insoluble in water.
IONIC VS COVALENT
 GIANT COVALENT BONDING

• A giant covalent structure is a three-

dimensional structure of atoms that are
joined by covalent bonds. They are example
of macromolecule.
• Allotropy: The presence of solid non-metal
elements In more than one form which have
the same chemical properties but different
physical properties.
• Allotropes are different forms of the same
element, in the same state.
• Graphite and diamond are allotropes of the
same element (carbon), two forms of same
element.
 GIANT COVALENT BONDING : DIAMOND

A carbon atom shares all four of it’s outer shell

electrons with other carbon atoms, to form a
three-dimensional lattice. It is Tetrahedral in
shape.

Diamond’s properties include:

• Very high melting point.
• Does not conduct electricity as there are
no free electrons.
• Vey hard and strong
• Insoluble in water
• Used to make cutting tools, drills and
jewelry.
 GIANT COVALENT BONDING : GRAPHITE

• In graphite, each carbon atom is bonded to three

others in a layered structure. (Covalent bond)

• The spare electron is delocalized and occupies the

space in between the layers and is free to move.
• Each carbon atom becomes part of a flat
hexagonal ring.
• The covalent bonds within the layers are strong
but layers are held together by weak forces.

Graphite’s properties include:

• Very high melting.
• good electrical conductivity as there is one
free electron.
• Soft and slippery as layers can slide over
each other.
 METALLIC BONDING

• Metal atoms are held together strongly by

metallic bonding in a giant metallic lattice
• Within the metallic lattice, the atoms lose
the electrons from their outer shell and
become positively charged ions
• The outer electrons no longer belong to a
particular metal atom and are said to
be delocalized
• They move freely between the positive
metal ions like a 'sea of electrons'
• Metallic bonds are strong and are a result of
the attraction between the positive metal
ions and the negatively charged delocalized
 PROPERTIES OF METALS – METALLIC BONDING

• Metals have high melting and boiling points

• Metals conduct electricity
• Metals are malleable and ductile
• Layers of positive ions can slide over one
another and take up different positions
• Metallic bonding is not disrupted as the outer
electrons do not belong to any particular metal
atom so the delocalized electrons will move
with them
• Metallic bonds are thus not broken and as a
result metals are strong but flexible
• They can be hammered and bent into different
shapes or drawn into wires without breaking
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