IONIC

BONDING

S. Wint
Objective
1. Formation of Ions
2. Ionic Bonding
3. Covalent Bonding

S. Wint
 Structure and Bonding
✓ Group 0 or group 8 elements have full over shell of
electrons.
✓ They are stable and unreactive.
✓ Exist in nature as individual atoms.
✓ All other elements do not have complete outer shell,
therefore unstable.
 Structure and Bonding
Unstable elements (Group I-VII) attempt to
gain full outer shells and become stable by:
1. losing electrons from their outer shell, or
2. gaining electrons into their outer shell, or
3. sharing electrons in their outer shell with
other atoms.
➢ Atoms therefore form bonds with each other.
➢ Ionic bonding
 Important Definition
➢ Chemical bond – the force of attraction between
combining atoms.
➢ Valence electron – electrons in the outer electron shell of an atom.
➢ Ions – charged particles formed when atoms gain or lose electrons.
➢ Molecules – particles formed when atoms combine by sharing
electrons.
➢ Noble gases – stable elements found in Group 0
of the Periodic Table.
 VALENCE ELECTRONS AND
VALENCY
● Valence electron – electrons in the outer electron shell.

● The valence electrons is the same as the group number of the

element.
● Eg Na is in group 1 therefore it has 1 valence electron or it has 1
electron on its outer shell.
 VALENCE ELECTRONS
● How many valence electrons does the following elements have?
1.Carbon
2.Aluminium
3.Nitrogen
4.Potassium
5.Magnesium
 Losing and Gaining Electrons

Metal atoms containing 1, 2, or

3 valence electrons tend to lose
their electrons.
 Losing and Gaining Electrons

When these metals lose electrons to

obtain full outer shells, they form
positively charged ions called
CATIONS.
 Losing and Gaining Electrons

The charge on the cation is the same

as the group number.
 Losing and Gaining Electrons

➢ Some non-metal atoms with 5, 6, or 7

valence electrons may gain a number of
electrons to fill their valence shell.
 Losing and Gaining Electrons

When non-metal atoms with 5, 6, or 7

valence electrons gain a number of
electrons to fill their valence shell they
form negatively charged ions called
ANIONS.
When non-metal atoms with 5, 6, or 7
valence electrons gain a number of
electrons to fill their valence shell they
form negatively charged ions called
ANIONS.
The charge on the anion is 8-group number.
 Ionic Bonding
Definition: attractive forces that hold oppositely
charged ions together in ionic compounds.

➢ They are formed when a metal reacts chemically with a non-metal.

Eg. NaCl
 Ionic Bonding
Other example:
sodium chloride
lithium oxide
aluminium fluoride
✓ Aluminum oxide
✓ Magnesium fluoride
✓ Potassium nitride, aluminium sulphide, calcium oxide, calcium bromid
sodium phosphide, beryllium chloride.
 Structure and Properties
➢ The properties of elements and compounds depends on:
1. the type of particles formed in bonding, and
2. the force of attraction between the particles.

➢ The structure of a solid specifies the arrangement of the

particles and the type of bonds between the particles in fixed
positions.
 Structure and Properties

➢ We can use our understanding of chemical bonding in

chemical compounds to explain their properties:
✓ Graphite, a form of the element carbon, is slippery;
✓ Copper(II) sulphate crystals are brittle;
✓ Candle wax melts easily;
✓ Copper conducts electricity well;
 Properties of Ionic Compounds
➢ Sodium chloride is an ionic compound. Their properties include:
✓ are hard, brittle crystalline solid;
✓ have high melting point and heat of fusion;
✓ Conduct electricity well when molten or dissolve
in water;
✓ do not conduct electricity in the solid state;
✓ (most) dissolve readily in water;
✓ react readily with each other in water.
Properties of Ionic Compounds
 Structure of Ionic Compounds
➢Each sodium ion is surrounded by 6 chloride ions.
 Covalent Bonding
Formed when atoms of non-metals combine with one another.
➢ The non metal atoms share one or more pairs of electrons.
➢ This happens so that each atom appears to have the EC of the nearest
noble gas in the PT.
➢ Each shared electron will constitute a covalent bond.
➢ The terms single, double and triple bond is used to describe the sharing of
1, 2 or 3 pairs of electrons, respectively.
 Covalent Bonding
➢ When non-metals share electrons, the particle formed is
called molecules.
➢ The attraction between the nuclei of the atoms and the
shared pairs of electrons provide the binding force which
holds the atoms together.
 Covalent Bonds between atoms of the same element
Fluorine Molecule: Single Bond
➢ Each fluorine atom contains unpaired electrons
➢ These isolated electrons form a pair of shared electrons in the fluorine molecule.
➢ The shared electron pair represents a single covalent bond.
➢ Each fluorine atom in a fluorine molecule contains 3 lone pairs.

Lone pairs (non-bonding pairs) are pairs of electrons found in molecule that are not
involved in the formation of simple covalent bonds.
 Covalent Bonds between atoms of the same element

Oxygen Molecule: Double Bond

➢ Each isolated oxygen atom contain 2 unpaired electrons.
➢ These isolated electrons form 2 pairs of shared electron in the oxygen
molecule.
➢ The 2 shared electron pairs represent 2 covalent bonds (double bond).
➢ Each oxygen atom in an oxygen molecule contains 2 lone pairs
 Covalent Bonds between atoms of the same element

Nitrogen molecule: Triple Bond

➢ Each isolated nitrogen atom contains 3 unpaired electrons.
➢ These isolated electrons for 3 pairs of shared electrons in the nitrogen
molecule.
➢ The 3 shared electron pairs represent 3 covalent bonds (triple bond).
➢ Each nitrogen atom in a nitrogen molecule contains one pair.
 Covalent Bonds between atoms of the different element

Some covalent molecules formed between

different atoms:
➢ Water, H2O
➢ Ammonia, NH3
➢ Methane, CH4
➢ Carbon dioxide, CO2
 Properties of Covalent Compounds
➔ Most covalent compounds have relatively low melting points and
boiling points.

➔ Covalent compounds usually have lower heat of fusion and

vaporization than ionic compounds.

➔ Covalent compounds tend to be soft and relatively flexible.

➔ When dissolved in water, covalent compounds don't conduct
electricity

➔ Many covalent compounds don't dissolve well in water.

 Metallic Bonding
➢ These are formed between metal atoms.

➢ The valence electrons leave the atoms, which then form positive ions
(cations).

➢ These electrons are mobile; they flow through spaces between the
positive ions.
 Metallic Bonding
➢ Metals can be
viewed as orderly
arrangements of
positive ions held
together in a ‘sea’
of freely moving
electrons.