Mariano Marcos State University

College of Health Sciences

Pharmacy Department
City of Batac 2906 Ilocos Norte

PCHM 121: Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry with Qualitative Analysis

1st Semester of A.Y. 2020-2021

Chapter Title
Chemical Bonding, Chemical Formula and Nomenclature of Compounds
Introduction

In module 1, you have learnt about the electronic configuration of atoms

of various elements and variation in the periodic properties of elements. We see
various substances around us which are either elements or compounds. You also
known that atoms of the same or different elements may combine. When atoms
of the same elements combine, we get molecules of the elements. But we get
compounds when atoms of different elements combine. Have you ever thought
why atoms combine at all?

In this module, you will find an answer to this question. You will learn about
chemical bonding. A chemical bond is a form of attraction between atoms that
share or transfer electrons. Various types of chemical bonds which join the
atoms together to give various types of substances will also be discussed. The
discussion will highlight how these bonds are formed.

Presentation of Outcomes

Having successfully completed this lesson the student must have:

1. Identified the different types of chemical bonds; and
2. Executed naming and writing formula of inorganic compounds

Warm-up Activity
Question…
How does chemical bonding relate to life?
Central Activities

Learning Input 1 (Lecture)

Chemical Bonding
Atoms are held together in compounds by the forces of attraction which result in
the formation of chemical bonds. The formation of chemical bonds results in the

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lowering of energy which is less than the energy of the individual atoms. Noble gases do
not react with other elements to form compounds because of their stable electronic
configuration with eight electrons in their outermost shells. The formation of a bond
between the two atoms may be visualized in terms of their acquiring stable electronic
configurations. That is when two atoms (other than that of the noble gases) combine,
they will do so in such a way that they attain an electronic configuration of the nearest
noble gas.
The stable electronic configuration of the noble gases can be achieved in a number
of ways; by losing, gaining or sharing of electrons. The two types of chemical bonds are
ionic and covalent.

Lewis Electron Dot Diagrams

• Aka electron dot diagram or Lewis diagram
• It is a representation of the valence electrons of an atom that uses dots around
the symbol of the element.
• the number of dots equals the number of valence electrons (electrons found in
the outermost shell of an atom) in the atom.
• Dots are arranged to the right and left and above and below the symbol, with no
more than two dots on a side. For example, the Lewis electron dot diagram for
hydrogen is simply

• for example, Boron. Its valence electron shell is 2s2sp1 , so it has three valence
electrons. The third electron will go on another side of the symbol.

• For atoms with partially filled d or f subshells, these electrons are typically
omitted from Lewis electron dot diagrams. For example, the electron dot
diagram for iron (valence shell configuration 4s2d6) is as follows:

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 • Elements in the same column of the periodic table have similar Lewis electron
dot diagrams because they have the same valence shell electron configuration.
Thus the electron dot diagrams for the first column of elements are as follows:

• Monoatomic ions are atoms that have either lost (for cations) or gained (for
anions) electrons.
• Electron dot diagrams for ions are the same as for atoms, except that
some electrons have been removed for cations, while some electrons
have been added for anions.
• Thus in comparing the electron configurations and electron dot
diagrams for the Na atom and the Na+ ion, we note that the Na atom
has a single valence electron in its Lewis diagram, while the Na+ ion
has lost that one valence electron.

Electron Transfer

Ionic bonding or electrovalent bond is a chemical bond formed by transfer of

electron from a metal to a non-metal.

1. Ex: when sodium metal and chlorine gas are brought into contact they react
violently and we obtain sodium chloride.

***the sodium atom gives an electron to a chlorine atom, resulting in the

formation of two charged particles, called ions. Because a sodium atom loses
one electron, it loses one negative charge and becomes a Na+ ion with a
charge of +1. Such positive ions are called cations. Conversely, because a
chlorine atom gains an electron, it gains a negative charge and becomes a Cl-
Ion with a charge of -1. Such negative ions are called anions.

***octet rule-the trend that atoms like to have eight electrons in their valence
shell.

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 Consider an Na atom in the presence of a Cl atom. The two atoms have these
Lewis electron dot diagrams and electron configurations:

For the Na atom to obtain an octet, it must lose an electron; for the Cl atom
to gain an octet, it must gain an electron. An electron transfer from the Na
atom to the Cl atom:

Covalent Bonds

A covalent bond is a chemical bond formed when atoms share some electrons.
• formed when nonmetallic atoms binds with another nonmetallic atom.
• To illustrate covalent bond using H atom and with the understanding that H
atoms need only two electrons to fill the 1s subshell, each H atom starts with a
single electron in its valence shell.

***we can use circles to show that each H atom has two electrons around the
nucleus, completely filling each atom’s valence shell.

*** For each molecule, there are different names for pairs of electrons, depending
if it is shared or not. A pair of electrons that is shared between two atoms is called

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 a bond pair. A pair of electrons that is not shared between two atoms is called
a lone pair.

Single bonds is when two electrons-one pair of electrons are shared between two
atoms.
• It is depicted by a single line between the two atoms.
• Example is the Hydrogen chloride. As we can see from the picture below,
hydrogen chloride has 1 hydrogen atom and 1 chlorine atom. Hydrogen has
only 1 valence electron while chlorine has 7 valence electrons. To satisfy
the octet rule, each atom gives out 1 electron to share with each other;
thus making a single bond.

Double bond is when two atoms share two pairs of electrons with each other.
• It is depicted by two horizontal lines between two atoms in a molecule.
This type of bond is much stronger than a single bond, but less stable; this
is due to its greater amount of reactivity compared to a single bond.

Triple bond is when three pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms in a
molecule.
• It is the least stable out of the three general types of covalent bonds.

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Other Aspects of Covalent Bonds

1. Nonpolar covalent bond is created when atoms share their electrons equally.
• This occurs when two atoms have similar or the same electron affinity. The
closer the values of their electron affinity, the stronger the attraction. This
occurs in gas molecules; also known as diatomic molecules. Ex. Hydrogen
gas atom, nitrogen gas atom.

2. Polar covalent bond is created when the shared electrons between atoms are
not equally shared.
• This occurs when one atom has a higher electronegativity that the atom it is
sharing with.
• The atom with the higher electronegativity will have a stronger pull for
electrons. As a result, the shared electrons will be close to the atom with the
higher electronegativity, making it unequally shared. Ex. Water, sulfide,
ozone

Chemical Formula

Chemical formula is defined as the concise written description of the component

of a chemical compound. It identifies the elements in the compound by their symbols
and indicates the relative number of atoms of each elements with subscripts.

Writing of Chemical Formula

1. Binary Ionic Compounds (composed of metal and a nonmetal). The metal acts the
cation (positively-charge ion) while the nonmetal forms the anion (negatively-
charge ion)
o Binary compounds are compounds that are made of only TWO elements
combined in a simple, whole -number ratio.
o The ratio of the elements in the compounds is dependent on the oxidation
numbers (or charges) of the elements that are combining to form the compound.
o Atoms combine in ratios so that the oxidation numbers add up to ZERO (numbers
cancel out).

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 o In chemical formula, the cation is written first and the anion is written second.
o A subscript that represents the number of atoms in the compound is placed after
the atom.
o The number 1 is not written as a subscript for single atoms.
o Examples include: NaCl has one sodium atom and one chlorine atoms; Li2O has
two lithium atoms and one oxygen atom.

Ions to be How to determine the Formula Example

Bonded formula (How to make the +
and – charges each cancel out)
X+1 and Y-1 +1 and -1 cancel each other XY K+1 and F-1à KF
X+2 and Y-2 +2 and -2 cancel each other XY Zn+2 and S-2 à ZnS
X+2 and Y-1 Need two -1 ions to cancel out XY3 Fe+3 and 3 x Br-1 à
+3 ion FeBr3
X+1 and Y-2 Need two +1 ions to cancel out X2 Y 2x Li+1 and O-2 à Li2O
-2 ion
X+2 and Y-3 Find COMMON X3 Y 2 3 x Cu+2 and 2 x N-3 à
DENOMINATOR of 6: Need Cu3N2
three +2 ions to cancel out two
-3 ions
X+4 and Y-2 Need two -2 ions to cancel out XY2 Pb+4 and 2 x O-2 à PbO2
+4 ion

2. Ionic compounds
o if you are given the name of a compound, use the period table to confirm the ion
charge (oxidation number) of the element to ensure you have the correct
number of ions in each compound.
o If given a metal with a stock number, use that to determine the number of ions
in the compound.

Compound Name How to write the formula (using Derived

periodic table) formula
Potassium sulfide Potassium is always K+1; sulfide is S- K2S
2

Cobalt (II) oxide Oxide is always O-2; cobalt is Co+2 CoO

Cobalt (III) oxide Oxide is always O-2; cobalt is Co+3 Co2O3
Tin (II) sulfide Sulfide is S-2; tin is Sn+2 SnS
Tin (IV) sulfide Sulfide is S-2; tin is Sn+4 SnS2
Calcium phosphide Calcium is always Ca+2; Ca3P2
phosphorous is P-3
Aluminum bromide Aluminum is always Al+3; bromide AlBr3
is Br-1

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3. Ternary compounds
o Parentheses surround the polyatomic ion and a subscript will be used when
more than polyatomic ion is in the formula;
o The metal cation name remains and still uses the stock system, if needed;
- Only the ammonium (NH4+) cation retains its name as is.
o The anion will most likely be the polyatomic ion, and it will keep its given name.

Compound Name How to write the formula (using Derived

Periodic Table E Selected Polyatomic Formula
Ions)
Ammonium sulfide Ammonium is NH4+1; sulfide is S-2 (NH4)2S
Cobalt (II) cyanide Cobalt(II) is Co+2; sulfate is SO4-2 Co(CN)2
Cobalt (III) sulfate Cobalt (III) is Co+3; sulfate is SO4-2 Co2(SO4)3
Tin (II) nitrate Tin (II) is Sn+2; nitrate is NO3-1 Sn(NO3)2
Tin (IV) nitrate Tin (IV) is Sn+4; nitrate is NO3-1 Sn(NO3)4
Calcium phosphate Calcium is Ca+2; phosphate is PO4-3 Ca3(PO4)2
Aluminum dichromate Aluminum is Al+3; dichromate is Cr2O7- Al2(Cr2O7)3
2

Silver nitrite Silver is Ag+1; nitrate is NO2-1 AgNO2

Chemical Nomenclature
Chemical nomenclature is the systematic naming of chemical compounds.

1. Monoatomic anions and cations

o Monoatomic ions are named by adding -ide to the root of the name of the
nonmetal that forms the anion. Ex. N3- is the nitride ion.
o Names of monoatomic cations always start with the name of the metal,
sometimes followed by a Roman numeral to indicate the charge of the ion. Ex.
Cu+ is copper (I), and Cu2+ is copper (II). The Roman numeral in each name
represents the charge on the ion and allows us to distinguish between the end
of the name of the metal and the parentheses with the Roman numeral.

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2. Binary ionic compounds are named by identifying first the positive ion and then the
negative ion. The positive ion takes the same name as the element; the negative ion
takes the first part of its name from the element and then adds the ending -ide (ex.
KBr – Potassium bromide).
o When naming binary compounds, place the name of the metal ion first.
o If the metal ion has more than one listed charge on the periodic table, use the
stock system to place a roman numeral in parenthesis after the metal’s name
representing the charge of the metal ion.
o Use the first syllable of the nonmetal’s name and add the suffice “ide” to the
nonmetal

Roman numeral system:

If the formula contains a metal that has …then use this Roman numeral
more than one charge listed and the charge
of the metal ion in that formula is…
+1 (I) one
+2 (II) two
+3 (III) three
+4 (IV) one before five = four
+5 (V) five
+6 (VI) one after five = six
+7 (VII) two after five = seven

3. Binary molecular compounds are named by assuming that one of the two elements
in the molecule is more cation-like and the other element is more anion-like.
Example is the compound HF, hydrogen is more cation-like because it is farther left
in the periodic table, and fluoride is more anion-like because it is farther right.

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 *** when looking at the sample below, use the ion charge as shown here:

Formula How to determine the name Compound

KCl K has only one charge lister, so K+ is named potassium. Potassium
Chlorine-1 is changed to chloride. chloride
ZnO Zn has only one charge listed, so Zn+2 is named zinc. Zinc oxide
Oxygen-2 is changed to oxide
FeBr2 Fe has two charges listed, so use the Br to determine the Iron (II)
charge of the Fe. Br ha the first listed charge as -1, so two bromide
Br-1 ions would be (-1) + (-1) = -2. To make the -2 charge
from the two Br-1 ions cancel to zero, the Fe ion MUST
have a charge of +2. The Fe+2 cation would be named iron
(II), and bromine-1 is changed to bromide.
FeBr2 Fe has two charges listed, so use the Br to determine the Iron (III)
charge of the Fe. Br has the first charge as -1, so three Br- bromide
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ions would be (-1) + (-1) + (-1) = -3. To make the 3 charge
from the three Br-1 ions cancel to zero, the Fe ion MUST
have a charge of +3. The Fe+3 cation would be named iron
(III), and bromine-1 is changed to bromide.
Ag2S Ag has only one charge listed, so Ag+1 is named silver. Silver sulfide
Two Ag+1 ions are needed to cancel the S-2 ion. Sulfur-2 is
changed to sulfide.

4. Ternary compounds
• Ternary compound is an ionic compound containing at least one polyatomic
ion.
• Polyatomic ion is an ion composed of two or more atoms (ex: OH- and PO43-)
joined by covalent bonds.
o They are made of more than one atom;
o All but three have a negative charge;
o Most of them contain oxygen;
o The polyatomic cations end in “-ium”; the polyatomic anions end in “-ide”,
“-ite”, or “-ate”;
§ if the ion contains two atoms it ends in “-ide”; (CN-, OH-, O2-2)
§ if the ion has few oxygen atoms, it ends in “-ite”; (NO2-=nitrite)
§ if the ion has many oxygen atoms, it ends in “-ate”; (NO3-=nitrate)

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 Formula How to determine the name Derived
name
KNO3 K is always +1, so K+1 is potassium; NO3-1 is nitrate Potassium
nitrate
ZnSO4 Zn is always +2, so Zn+2 is zinc; SO4-2 is sulfate Zinc sulfate
Fe(NO2)2 Fe has two listed charges, so use the polyatomic Iron (II)
NO2-1 ion to determine the charge of the Fe nitrite
cation. There are two NO2-1 anions, so together
they have a total -2 charge. The Fe cation must be
+2 to cancel the charges. Fe+2 is then iron (II), and
NO2-1 is nitrite.
Cr2(SO3)3 Cr has three listed charges, so use the polyatomic Chromium
SO3-2 ion to determine the charge of the Cr cation. (III) sulfite
There are three SO3-2 ions, totaling -6 charge, so
the total charge of cations must be +6. There are
two Cr ions, so each Cr cation would be a Cr+3 ion.
Cr+3 is then chromium (III), and SO3-2 is sulfite.

5. Naming molecular compounds

o Molecular compounds may be written two ways: using the stock system or using
the prefix system.
• the stock system works the same for molecular compounds as with ionic
compounds. A Roman numeral is used to show the charge of the first
atom written in the formula (which has the lower electronegativity).

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 Molecular Name (Stock Molecular Name (Stock system)
formula system) formula
CO2 Carbon (IV) oxide SO Sulfur (II) oxide
CO Carbon (II) oxide SO2 Sulfur (IV) oxide
NO2 Nitrogen (IV) oxide CCl4 Carbon (IV) chloride
NO3 Nitrogen (VI) oxide NCl3 Nitrogen (III) chloride
N2O5 Nitrogen (V) oxide P2O3 Phosphorous (III)
oxide

• the prefix system uses specific prefixes to describe how many atoms of
each element are found in the molecules.

1 atom 2 atoms 3 atoms 4 atoms 5 atoms 6 atoms

Mono Di- Tri- Tetra- Penta- Hexa-

Molecular formula Name (prefix Molecular Name (prefix

system) formula system)
CO2 Carbon dioxide SO Sulfur monoxide
CO Carbon monoxide SO2 Sulfur dioxide
NO2 Nitrogen dioxide CCl4 Carbon tetrachloride
NO3 Nitrogen trioxide NCl3 Nitrogen trichloride
N2O5 Dinitrogen P2O3 Diphosphorous
pentoxide trioxide
Note: the prefix system may not be used for naming ionic compounds. The
prefix system may only be used to name molecular compounds.

6. Naming Acids
Acids are substances that yield hydrogen when placed in water. There are ways to
name acids and it is based on the anion.
o For monoatomic anion:
• Hydro-prefix
• Change the -ide to -ic
• End with the word acid
• Ex: hydrochloric acid (HCl)

o Polyatomic anions:
• Polyatomic name first followed by the suffic -ic
• End with the name acid
• Ex: nitric acid (HNO3)
o Categories of acids:
• Binary acids: contain hydrogen and one other ion; are strong acids; ex: HCl

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 • Oxyacids: contains hydrogen, oxygen, and one other element; can be both
strong or weak acids; ex; HNO3. H2SO4
• Carboxylic acids: contain carbon and a carboxyl group (-COOH); are organic
acids; most are classified as weak; ex: HC2H3O2 (acetic acid)

7. Naming Bases
o Bases are defined as compounds that cause the formation of the hydroxide ion
when placed in water.
• Monoatomic ions:
• the name of the first atom stays the same
• the name of the second has the suffix -ide added
• ex: CaO (Calcium oxide)
o Polyatomic ions:
• the name of the first atom stays the same
• second name is the name of the polyatomic ion
• Ex: Na2CO3 (Sodium carbonate)
o Categories of Bases:
• Anions: contain negatively charged monoatomic or polyatomic ions; can be
either strong or weak; Ex: CaO, Na2CO3
• Amines: contain an amine group (NH2); ex: NH3 (ammonia), CH3NH2
(Methylamine)

Activity 1: Online Lecture

• You are requested to download the video related to the topic posted in the mVLE
course page on September 4, 2020, 9:00 AM.

Learning Input 2 (Laboratory)

Overview

The ability to use nomenclature and chemical formulas to identify and discuss specific
reagents is a key skill for a chemist. While molecules can be depicted in a variety of fashions,
chemical nomenclature provides the shorthand vocabulary that chemists use to disseminate
their findings and techniques. The ability to interconvert between chemical names and
structure is essential to communicate substantively about topics in the field. As such, it is
important to take the time to learn and understand the rules for naming chemicals so that one
can continue to build a foundation of knowledge that will support future studies in chemistry.

Laboratory Activity 2
Chemical Nomenclature
• Practice writing chemical formula and naming inorganic compounds. Your
laboratory activity will be available on September 5, 2020.
Wrap-Up Activity
1. Discussion Forum (Open-ended questions)
• You are expected to participate in the discussion forum scheduled on
September 7, 2020 (unless otherwise rescheduled), Monday via the mVLE
BIGBlueButtonBN or ZOOM.

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 • An invitation link will be available in the mVLE course site.
• Open-ended questions will be asked randomly among students during the
discussion proper.
• In addition, students are also given opportunity to ask/raise any question or
make clarifications during the discussion.

Assessment (Post-Assessment)
Problem-Based Learning Task 2
Worksheet
• A detailed instruction will be available in the mVLE course page assignment portal
on September 4, 2020, 1:00 PM.
• Submit your output on or before 11:59 pm, September 6, 2020 (Sunday), 11:59 PM
via the same portal in mVLE.
Laboratory-Based Learning Task 2
Laboratory Exercise
• Submit your laboratory report on or before September 6, 2020, 11:59 PM via mVLE
assignment portal.
Online Exam 2
• You are required to take the Post-Test on the topic learned.
• The link will be posted on September 7, 2020 (Monday) after the discussion forum
in the mVLE Quiz Portal.
• Accomplish and submit the said exam on or before 11:59 PM on the same date

Course Facilitator

Kristian Gay D. Beltran

Assistant Professor II
Pharmacy Department
kdbeltran@mmsu.edu.ph

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