Bonding and Structure

Group: Hammad Rashid

Luqman Arshad
Moeed Ali
What are Bonding and Structure ?

  Bonding is a way in which atoms join

together and combine with one another. The
arrangement of the resulting particles is
called the structure.
 Bonding has some rules:
1. Only the valence electrons are involved.
2. Every atom wishes to achieve a noble gas
structure by an octet or a duplet as it is very
stable.
3. The maximum number of electrons in a shell is
determined by the formula 2 where n = No. of
Shell. The first shell is balanced by two
electrons while all the others are balanced by
eight electrons.
Ionic Bonding and
Structure
 In this bonding, the transfer of
electron(s) is included.
 A metal reacts with a non-metal. The
non-metal gains electron(s) from the
metal.
 In this bonding, the metals form cations
while the non-metals form anions.
 The elements of group I,II,III,VI,VII are
included in this type of bonding.
 Ionic bonding make the structure of a
crystal lattice.
 Crystal Lattice is very stable due to
different charges of ions which creates
electrostatic forces between the
atoms.
Covalent Bonding
 In this bonding, the sharing of electrons is
included.
 Two non-metals are concerned with
covalent bonding. No charged atoms are
formed.
 The elements of Group V,VI,VII are
involved.
 There are three types of covalent bond:
Single covalent bond, Double covalent
bond and Triple covalent bond.
 Covalent bonds can be formed by the
atoms of the same or different elements.
 It has weak forces of attraction between
the atoms.
The Structure of Covalent Bonds
  Molecular compounds:
1. Small molecules are formed
e.g. , , O
2. The attraction forces are weak,
which are also known as van der
Waals’ forces. This accounts for
the low melting points.
3. Covalent liquids and gases have
far apart molecules and weaker
van der Waals’ forces but water,
despite weak forces, has much
higher melting and boiling point
due to hydrogen bonds in it.
 Macromolecules
1. Large, giant molecules are formed
e.g. Sand, Diamond
2. They are very stable due to strong
covalent bonds which give a three-
dimensional lattice. Often this
lattice is tetrahedral in shape.
3. These molecules are very strong
which accounts for the high
melting and boiling point of the
molecules.
Some
Covalent
Compounds
Macromolecules
Diamond
 The atoms are joined together in a
tetrahedral lattice.
 It is hard and rigid.
 It gives a shiny and translucent
look.
 It is an insulator of electricity as
particles are tightly packed
together.
 Due to its hardness and rigidity,
diamond can be used as a cutter.
Graphite
 The atoms are joined together in a
hexagonal lattice.
 It is soft.
 It gives a dull and opaque look.
 It is a good conductor of heat
because one electron of each atom is
delocalized.
 It can be used as a lubricant.
 It is in layers, joined together by van
der Waals’ forces.
Metallic Bonding:

 This type of bonding only occurs in metals.

 Metals have a tendency to lose their valence electrons to form positive ions i.e.
They are electropositive.
 Atoms are packed closely together which make the valence electrons delocalized
(ions in a sea of electrons).
 When a metal is connected to a circuit, these delocalized electrons move
towards the positive terminal while more electrons are fed up through the
negative terminal. This is why metals are good conductors of electricity.
 Metals, in this way, are made strong with high densities and high melting points.
 The metals are not rigid. The layers of particles slide over each other, which
makes metals malleable and ductile.
Structure of Metallic Bonding
Properties of Ionic and Covalent
Substances
 Volatility:
 Ionic compounds are usually solids with high melting and boiling point. This is because of the
formation of crystal lattice which joins together ions by strong electrostatic forces. They are
rarely volatile. Covalent compounds are mainly gases, volatile liquids or solids (low melting
and boiling point).
 Solubility:
 Most ionic compounds dissolve in water because they have a separation of charge. This is
called polarization and it causes water molecules to arrange themselves around ions. Most
covalent compounds do not dissolve in water except solvent having no polarization. These
are called organic solvents.
 Electrical Conductivity:
 Ionic compounds, when solid, do not conduct electricity because electrostatic forces do not
allow the movement of atoms. However when molten, they conduct electricity as the ions
are free to move. Covalent compounds do not conduct electricity even when molten as no
ions are present.
 The End
Thank You
For Your
Attention