Chemistry CLS 101

for Nursing Students

CHEMICAL BONDS
When atoms combine, we obtain
the variety of substances that
surround us.
 CHEMICAL BONDS

• Is the force of attraction between

any two elements in a compound.
 IONIC BONDS
• Bond formed due to the gain or loss of electrons
in atoms i.e. due to transfer of electrons between
atoms.

• When an atom loses an electron it is a POSITIVE

charge.
• When an atom gains an electron it is a NEGATIVE
charge
• These newly charged atoms are now called IONS
– Example: NaCl (SALT)
Na (2,8,1) Na+ (2,8) + e-

Cl (2,8,7) + e- Cl- (2,8,8)

Na+ + Cl- NaCl

Ions are the charged particles

Ionic Bond
Chemical Reaction

A chemical reaction is a process during

which one or more components are
transformed into new substances.
 IONIC BONDS

• The ionic bond is the force of attraction that

binds together unlike charged ions to form a
chemical compound.
Electronegativity

Ionic bonds are formed due to

differences in the tendency of atoms to
attract electrons towards them.
The tendency to attract electrons is
known as Electronegativity.
 COVALENT BONDS

Electrons are shared between two atoms.

Each covalent bond between atoms involves
two electrons.
Thus if the atoms are similar in negativity
then the electrons will be shared
SHARING IS CARING!
 Covalent Bond
When two electron pairs are shared, it is
double bond.

Example:

C2F4
 Non-Polar Covalent Bond
• Equal distribution of charge around a
central atom.
• Molecule has a symmetrical shape.
 Non-Polar Covalent Bond
Example:
The hydrogen atoms are sharing two electrons
between themselves. Such a shared pair of
electrons makes up a single bond.

HA + HB HA HB
 Polar Covalent bond
• Electrons are shared, but not equally.

• Some atoms have a stronger pull for

the electrons.

• Molecule not symmetrical in shape

(unbalanced).
• The atoms share electrons but the electrons
spend more of their time around on atom
versus the others in the compound. This type
of bond occurs when the atoms involved differ
greatly in electronegativity. The most familiar
example is water. Oxygen is much more
electronegative than hydrogen, and so the
electrons involved in bonding the water
molecule spend more time there.
Polar Covalent bond
 Co-ordinate
(Dative Bonds)

A dipolar bond, also known as coordinate

covalent bond, dative bond, or semipolar
bond, is a description of covalent bonding
between two atoms in which both electrons
shared in the bond come from the same atom.
 Co-ordinate
(Dative Bonds)
E.g. Ammonium ion
 Metallic Bond
• In some metals, valence electrons are shared,
free to move about.
• Metal—metal.
• Metals conduct electricity easily.
• Not all metals exhibit metallic bonding.
• E.g.
Zinc Metal
 Hydrogen Bonds
Is the attractive interaction of a hydrogen atom with
an electronegative atom, such as nitrogen, oxygen,
that comes from another molecule or chemical
group.
The hydrogen must be covalently bonded to
another electronegative atom to create the bond.