TYPES OF CHEMICAL BONDS

Brief Description:-

Matter is made up of one or different type of elements. Under normal conditions no

other element exists as an independent atom in nature, except noble gases. However, a
group of atoms is found to exist together as one species having characteristic properties.
Such a group of atoms is called a molecule. Obviously there must be some force which holds
these constituent atoms together in the molecules. Every object in our day-to-day life is
made up of atoms and most of these atoms don’t exist just by themselves. These atoms are
constantly working in conjunction with other atoms. While interacting with other atoms or
groups of atoms, the atoms have a tendency to fill their outermost electron orbits. In other
words, the atoms get arranged in the most steady shape or pattern that is possible. The
resultant force holding the atoms together in groups (also called molecules) is generally
referred to as Chemical Bonding.At times, atoms can forge strong bonds and get arranged
into molecules but they can also form weak or fragile bonds with other atoms. The existence
of both, the strong bonds and the weaker bonds is important to maintain the chemistry of
our bodies and to sustain life itself The attractive force which holds various constituents
(atoms, ions, etc.) together in different chemical species is called a chemical bond.

 Chemical bonds are forces that hold atoms together to make compounds or
molecules.
 Chemical bonds include covalent, polar covalent, and ionic bonds.
 Atoms with relatively similar electronegativities share electrons between them and are
connected by covalent bonds.
 Atoms with large differences in electronegativity transfer electrons to form ions. The
ions then are attracted to each other. This attraction is known as an ionic bond.
 bond: A link or force between neighboring atoms in a molecule or compound.
 ionic bond: An attraction between two ions used to create an ionic compound. This
attraction usually forms between a metal and a non-metal.
 covalent bond: An interaction between two atoms, which involves the sharing of one
or more electrons to help each atom satisfy the octet rule. This interaction typically
forms between two non-metals.
 intramolecular: Refers to interactions within a molecule.
 intermolecular forces: Refers to interactions between two or more molecules.
Aim of Microproject:-

Prepare chart & models displaying different types of bonds with examples

A) IONIC / ELECTROVALENT BOND:-

e.g. formation of sodium chloride
B) COVALENT BOND:-
e.g. formation of carbon dioxide molecule
C) COORDINATE BOND/ DATIVE BOND:-
e.g. formation of ammonium chloride
D) METALLIC BOND:-
e.g. Aluminium, Copper etc
E) HYDROGEN BOND:-
e.g. water molecule

Course Outcome:-

i) Apply catalysis process in industries

A) IONIC / ELECTROVALENT BOND:-

 Two neutral atoms close to each can undergo an ionization process in order to obtain full
valence shell

 Due to ionization, electrons are transferred from one atom to the other

 The atom giving up the electron becomes positively charged (cation)

 The atom taking up the electron becomes negatively charged (anion)

 The ions are bonded due to coulombic forces of attraction

 Generally, metallic atoms donate electrons to non-metallic atoms

 Examples: NaCl, KCl, MgBr2 etc.

B) COVALENT BOND:-
 The outer electron levels of atoms, which are close to each other, can interact.

 The interaction leads to a sharing of electrons between the atoms

 One pair of electrons shared => single covalent bond

 Two pairs of electrons shared => double covalent bond and so on

 The shared electrons are said to be delocalized i.e. they do not belong to any particular
atom

 Generally, between non-metallic atoms

 Examples: H2, CO2 , O2, NH3, N2 etc.

C) COORDINATE COVALENT/ DATIVE BOND:-

 Definition: A coordinate bond is a covalent bond between two atoms where one of the
atoms provides both electrons that form the bond.
o Coordinate covalent bonds are formed when one atom does not have a complete
outer shell, while another atom does have a complete outer shell and has at least
one unshared electron pair.
o Once formed, coordinate covalent bonds are indistinguishable from normal covalent
bonds.
o Representing co-ordinate bonds
o In simple diagrams, a co-ordinate bond is shown by an arrow. The arrow points from
the atom donating the lone pair to the atom accepting it.

D) METALLIC BOND:-
 Atoms come together, electrons from outer shell of atoms share space with neighboring
atoms.

 The electrons can move freely within the atom orbitals. (Mobile Electron)

 Sharing of ‘free’ electrons among a lattice of positively charged ions (An array of positive
ions in a sea of electrons)

 Electrostatic attractive forces between delocalized electrons and positively charged metal
ions.(kernel)

 Examples: Ni, Fe , Al, Cu, Au, Ag etc

E) HYDROGEN BOND:-
Definition:- A hydrogen bond is the electrostatic attraction between two polar groups that
occurs when a hydrogen (H) atom covalently bound to a highly electronegative atom such
as nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), or fluorine (F) experiences the electrostatic field of another
highly electronegative atom nearby.

Hydrogen bonds can occur between molecules (intermolecular) or within different parts of a
single molecule (intramolecular).

This makes them somewhat stronger than a van der Waals interaction, and weaker
than covalent or ionic bonds.

This type of bond can occur in inorganic molecules such as water and in organic
molecules like DNA and proteins.

Learning outcomes of this micro project:-

Various properties of given material based on the bond formation.

References:-

1) Engineering Chemistry by Jain & Jain—Dhanpat Rai & sons, New Delhi, 2015
2) Engineering Chemistry by Dara S.S. – S. Chand publication, New Delhi, 2013

Learning Websites:-

1) www. Chemcollective.org
2) www. Chemistryteaching.com
3) www. Chem1. Com
4) www. Science.howstuffworks.com
5) google searching
6) youtube