Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Octet rule
Octet rule: Each (Lewis, Kosset) atom tores to obtain the octet state.
Contraction of Octet Slate: Central atom is electron deficient or
does not have an octet state. eg. Bex2, BX3, ALX34
Exceptions
other exceptions:
Transition (Cr3+, Fe 2+)
Pseudo Inert gas configuration (Zn2+)
Odd electron species (NO, NO2)
Irrler halogen compound (IF7, Brf3)
Compounds of Xenon (Xef2, Xef4)
1
PYQ
2
1 .Introduction
Types of Bonds
Ionic Bond
3
Ionic Bonding
4
Covalent Bonding
5
PYQ
6
Modern Concept of Covelent Bond
Pi(π)Bond
7
Pauli and Slater’s theory
8
Bond Length
Bond length is the distance between the nuclei of two atoms that
are bonded together. It is one of the most important properties of a
chemical bond. Bond length depends on a number of factors,
including:
9
Bond Energy
10
PYQ
11
Bond Angle
Bond angle is the angle between two covalent bonds that originate
from the same atom. It is a measure of the three-dimensional shape
of a molecule. Bond angle is typically expressed in degrees (°).
12
PYQ
13
Types Of Overlapping
1
Polarizisation And Fajan’s Rule
NH4⁺ : NH3 → H⁺
14
Dipole Moment
15
Dipole Moment
16
PYQ
17
PYQ
18
Hydrogen Bonding
Intermolecular H Bonding
Intermolecular H Bond : Formed between two or more different
molecules of the same or different types.
intermolecular hydrogen bonding also plays a role in the following:
The structure of proteins
The double helix structure of DNA
The transport of water in plants
19
Intermolecular H Bonding
20
Intramolecular H Bonding
Formed within the molecule
21
PYQ
22
Resonace And Resonance Energy
Resonance: Sometimes, molecules are represented by many
structural formulas that are canonical structures or resonating
structures. It’s observed due to delocalization of pi electrons.
24
PYQ
25
Hybridisation
26
Hybridisation
27
Hybridisation
Finding geometry of covalent compounds:
Total number of electron pair around central atom which gives
hybridization
Chemical Bonding
Lone pair = P-N
P: electron pair around central atom
N: number of atoms surrounding central atom or number of bond pair
of electrons.
28
Hybridisation in Complexes
VSEPR Theory
29
Rule for determination of total no. of hybrid orbitals
Born-Lande Equation:
30
PYQ
31
PYQ
32
PYQ
33
PYQ
34
PYQ
35
PYQ
36
PYQ
37
Molecular Orbital Theory
38
Molecular Orbital Theory
Destructive interaction between orbitals having different sign of 𝚿
produces antibonding MOs(LuMOs), Lowest Unoccupied MOs. eg
𝝈*,π* and Δ*.
Facts related to HoMOs and LuMOs:
1. Energy: LuMOs > HoMOs
2. Wavelength: LuMOs < HoMOs
3. LuMOs have nodal planes, HoMOs may or may not have nodal
planes.
4. Electrons contribute force of attraction in HoMOs while they
contribute repulsion in LuMOs.
5. Like atomic orbitals, MOs also follow Pauli Exclusion Principle, Hund’s
Rule, Aufbau Principle.
The MO obtained by the addition of atomic orbitals is of lower
energy and is called bonding orbital. The MO obtained by
subtraction of atomic orbitals is of higher energy and is called an
anti-bonding orbital.
Bond order =
39
Molecular Orbital THeory
40
Molecular Orbital THeory
41
Molecular Orbital THeory
42
PYQ
43
PYQ
44
PYQ
45
PYQ
45
Some Typical Bonds
Odd electron bond: These include one electron bond and three
electron bond. Eg: H₂⁺. The bond is half as strong as a sared electron
pair bond.
NO and NO₂ are examples of add molecules having three e bonds.
Three electron bond is formed when two atoms have nearly same
electronegativity. 3e bonds are also half as strong as a normal bond.
Back Bonding
Back bonding: If among the bonded atoms, one atom has a vacant
orbital and another has excess of e, then a sort of π bonding takes
place between the two. If this is between p orbitals of the two, this
is pπ-pπ back bonding. These bonds are most efficient when the
atoms are very small and the orbitals involved of the two are of
same energy level.
46
Some Typical Bonds
Banana Bond
47
PYQ
48
Determining Lattice Energy Of Ionic Compound
49