Ruffa Mae DV. Portugal Mr.

Edwin Reyes

11 HUMSS-A Physical Science

ASSIGNMENT /QUIZ 1:

1 . Dalton atomic theory,:

the English meteorologist and chemist John Dalton formulated the first modern description of it as the
fundamental building block of chemical structures. Dalton developed the law of multiple proportions
(first presented in 1803) by studying and expanding upon the works of Antoine Lavoisier and Joseph
Proust. Dalton proposed that each chemical element is composed of atoms of a single, unique type, and
though they cannot be altered or destroyed by chemical means, they can combine to form more
complex structures (chemical compounds). Since Dalton reached his conclusions by experimentation
and examination of the results in an empirical fashion, this marked the first truly scientific theory of the
atom.

2. Aristotle atomich theory,:

disagreed with Democritus' theory. He was also a philosopher, not a scientist. He believed you could
understand and figure out things by simply thinking about them. He also believed that everything was a
combination of the four elements: earth, fire, water, air. His theory was that a mass of
incomprehensible size was everywhere; he called this 'hyle'. There was no separate 'particles' for each
material, it was all one.

3. Thomson atomic theory:

earliest theoretical description of the inner structure of atoms, proposed about 1900 by William
Thomson (Lord Kelvin) and strongly supported by Sir Joseph John Thomson, who had discovered (1897)
the electron, a negatively charged part of every atom. Though several alternative models were advanced
in the 1900s by Kelvin and others, Thomson held that atoms are uniform spheres of positively charged
matter in which electrons are embedded. Popularly known as the plum pudding model, it had to be
abandoned (1911) on both theoretical and experimental grounds in favour of the Rutherford atomic
model, in which the electrons describe orbits about a tiny positive nucleus.

4. Rutherford atomic theory:

also called nuclear atom or planetary model of the atom, description of the structure of atoms proposed
(1911) by the New Zealand-born physicist Ernest Rutherford. The model described the atom as a tiny,
dense, positively charged core called a nucleus, in which nearly all the mass is concentrated, around
which the light, negative constituents, called electrons, circulate at some distance, much like planets
revolving around the Sun.
5. Bohr atomic theory:

The discoveries of the electron and radioactivity at the end of the 19th century led to different models
for the structure of the atom. In 1913, Niels Bohr proposed a theory for the hydrogen atom based on
quantum theory that energy is transferred only in certain well defined quantities. Electrons should move
around the nucleus but only in prescribed orbits. When jumping from one orbit to another with lower
energy, a light quantum is emitted. Bohr's theory could explain why atoms emitted light in fixed
wavelengths.

6. Chadwick atomich theory:

James Chadwick played a vital role in the atomic theory, as he discovered the Neutron in atoms.
Neutrons are located in the center of an atom, in the nucleus along with the protons. They have neither
a positive nor negative charge, but contribute the the atomic weight with the same effect as a proton.
Chadwick discovered this subatomic particle by using a neutron chamber in his experiments.

7. Schrodinger atomic theory:

Austrian physicist Erwin Schrödinger (1887-1961) developed an “Electron Cloud Model” in 1926. It
consisted of a dense nucleus surrounded by a cloud of electrons at various levels in orbitals.
Schrödinger and Werner Heisenburg (1901-1976) mathematically determined regions in which
electrons would be most likely found. The probability of the finding the electrons in the orbitals are
sometimes referred to as “lobes.” They used the mathematical equations for the behavior of waves
following the work on waves by Louis de Broglie (1892-1987) a French theorist. It is still impossible to
see a single atom, even with the world’s best microscopes, but we can see images of groups of atoms,
and the trails that they leave. Starting in the 1950’s, experiments using the newly invented particle
accelerators and particle detectors opened up a new age of “particle physics. They are still working on
discovering particles that will fully prove a Standard Model, which not only explains how atoms work,
but how atoms are part of a Unifying Theory.