MARXISM

 the political and economic theories of Karl Marx

and Friedrich Engels, later developed by their
followers to form the basis for the theory and
practice of communism.
 WHAT MARXISM IS ALL
ABOUT?
Marxism is the movement founded by
Karl Marx and Frederick Engels which fights for the
self-emancipation of the working class,
subjecting all forms of domination by the
bourgeoisie, its institutions and its ideology, to
theoretical and practical critique.
 WHAT IS THE MAIN IDEA
OF MARXISM?
Marxism believes that there was a real contradiction between
human nature and the way that we must work in a capitalist
society. 
Marxism has a dialectic approach to life in that everything
has two sides. 
Marxism believes that capitalism is not only an economic
system but is also a political system.
 SYMBOLIC
INTERACTIONISM
is a sociological perspective on self and society based on
the ideas of George H. Mead (1934), Charles H. Cooley
(1902), W. I. Thomas (1931), and other pragmatists
associated, primarily, with the University of Chicago in the
early twentieth century.
• The symbolic interaction perspective, also called symbolic
interactionism, is a major framework of the sociological
theory. This perspective relies on the symbolic meaning that people
develop and build upon in the process of social interaction.
Although symbolic interactionism traces its origins to Max Weber's
assertion that individuals act according to their interpretation of the
meaning of their world, the American philosopher 
George Herbert Mead introduced this perspective to American
sociology in the 1920s.
• The central theme of symbolic interactionism is that
human life is lived in the symbolic domain.
• Symbols are culturally derived social objects having
shared meanings that are created and maintained in
social interaction.
• Through language and communication, symbols
provide the means by which reality is constructed.
• The label symbolic interactionism was coined by Herbert
Blumer (1969), one of Mead's students. Blumer, who did
much to shape this perspective, specified its three basic
premises:
• (1) Humans act toward things on the basis of the
meanings that things have for them;
• (2) the meanings of things derive from social interaction;
and
• (3) these meanings are dependent on
 HOW DOES SYMBOLIC
INTERACTIONISM EXPLAIN SOCIAL
CHANGE?
Symbolic interactionism is a sociological framework
that states that people develop subjective interpretations of events
based on their social interactions.
In other words, following the ideas of Max Weber, people's
interpretations of events affect their experiences and the way in
which they construct meaning.
• 
 HOW DOES SYMBOLIC
INTERACTIONISM APPLY TO
FAMILY?
• Symbolic interactionists argue that shared activities help to build
emotional bonds, and that marriage
and family relationships are based on negotiated meanings.
• The interactionist perspective emphasizes that families reinforce
and rejuvenate bonds through symbolic rituals such
as family meals and holidays.
• 
 PSYCHOANALYSIS 
is defined as a set of psychological theories and
therapeutic techniques that have their origin in the work
and theories of Sigmund Freud.
The core idea at the center of psychoanalysis is the belief
that all people possess unconscious thoughts, feelings,
desires, and memories.
 WHAT IS THE THEORY OF
PSYCHOANALYSIS?
 Psychoanalysis was founded by Sigmund Freud (1856-1939).
Freud believed that people could be cured by
making conscious their unconscious thoughts and motivations, thus
gaining insight. The aim of psychoanalysis therapy is to release
repr
essed emotions and experiences, i.e., make the
unconscious conscious.
 WHAT IS THE BASIC IDEA OF
PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY?

• Sigmund Freud: Freud developed the psychoanalytic

theory of personality development, which argued that
personality is formed through conflicts among three
fundamental structures of the human mind: the id,
ego, and superego.
 WHAT IS THE ID EGO AND
SUPEREGO?
• According to Freud's model of the psyche, the id is the primitive
and instinctual part of the mind that contains sexual and
aggressive drives and hidden memories,
• the super-ego operates as a moral conscience, and
• the ego is the realistic part that mediates between the desires of
the id and the super-ego.
 IS EGO A PERSONALITY?

• Ego as the Rational Part of Personality. According to

Sigmund Freud, the ego is part
of personality that mediates the demands of the id,
the superego, and reality.
• 
 WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF
EGO?
In order to understand the role of the ego in your life, you
must first understand its purpose.
The ego is the human consciousness part of you.
It was designed to ensure your security and
survival.
 WHAT AGE DOES THE EGO
DEVELOP?
• In Freud's theory of psychosexual development, the
superego is the last component of personality to
develop. The id is the basic, primal part of
personality, that is present from birth. Next, the ego
begins to develop during the first three years of a
child's life.