Applied Social Science Module

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
DISCIP
LINE
AND
IDEAS
IN
APPLI
ED
SCHOOL YEAR 2021-2022
SOCIA
L
SCIEN RATIONALE
CES 0
Adhering to the standard and competencies set by the Department of Education and
aligning to the school Mission and Vision to produce quality education to all students
even in the midst of pandemic.
This module aims to introduce the students in varied ways the importance of the
disciplines that provide social understanding with the relevant knowledge, tools, and
skills that can help to fully understand social phenomena. The applied social science
focuses on the practical application in the real-life settings of the diverse theories,
frameworks, concepts, and methodologies learned from the social sciences.
There is an increase and development in the demand for academe to produce learners
who are not only good in remembering the facts and figures, but also excellent
evaluators of life who have commendable capacity to reason, and have a strong sense
of logical ability to make the right choices in life. It hope that after being introduce to
this academic discipline, students will become wiser beings who can contribute
greatly to the society and to the further discovery of the different wonders of the
universe.
This module will be an avenue for students to continuously learn the subjects in any
ways; it helps them to grasp main differences between the social and the applied
social sciences. It also studies the definitions and the different disciplines that
compromise the social sciences and the applied social sciences. Further, this module
provides selections and exercises conceptualized in the student’s level of
comprehension which will help them better understand and practice about applied
social sciences, specifically: counseling, social work and communication.
UNIT1: COURSE INTRODUCTION APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCES
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
At the End of the unit, the student must be able to:
1. Explain clearly the perception about the work of social sciences and applied social
sciences:
2. Explain the definition of social sciences and applied social sciences.
3. Explain the different disciplines of the social sciences and the applied social
sciences.
4. Demonstrate the understanding of social sciences and applied social sciences.
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UNIT PREFACE
Applied social sciences involve the study of the society we live in, and the
relationships people have within that society. This applied social science degree is
built around the core disciplines of psychology and sociology, providing the best
possible launching pad for a career in these fascinating areas. These disciplines
provide social scientist with the relevant knowledge, tools, and skills that can help to
fully understand social phenomena. The applied social science, on the other hand,
focuses on the practical application in the real-life settings of the diverse theories,
frameworks, concepts, and methodologies learned from the social sciences. This
chapter’s lesson discusses the main differences between the social and the applied
social sciences. It also studies the definitions and the different disciplines that
compromise the social sciences and the applied social sciences.
LESSON 1: DEFINING SOCIAL SCIENCES AS THE STUDY OF SOCIETY

Specific Objectives;
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
1. Explain clearly the perception about the work of social sciences and applied
social sciences:
2. Explain the definition of social sciences and applied social sciences.
3. Explain the different disciplines of the social sciences and the applied social
sciences.
4. Demonstrate the understanding of social sciences and applied social sciences.
Time Duration to complete Lesson: Three Sessions (240 mins)

Forms of Evaluation:
1. Pre- Test
2. Assessment( Knowledge Checker)
3. Empowering Self ( Self Research/ Skills work out)
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4. Reflection
Instructional Materials to be used:
1. Reference Book
2. Paper and pen
3. Computer for research/ supplemental videos
DISSCUSION:
What are Social Sciences?
Social sciences are a group of academic disciplines dedicated to examining society.
This branch of science studies how people interact with each other, behave, develop
as a culture, and influence the world.
Understanding Social Sciences
Social sciences help to explain how society works, exploring everything from the
triggers of economic growth and causes of unemployment to what makes people
happy. This information is vital and can be used for many purposes. Among other
things, it helps to shape corporate strategies and government policies.
Social science as a field of study is separate from the natural sciences, which cover
topics such as physics, biology, and chemistry. Social science examines the
relationships between individuals and societies, as well as the development and
operation of societies, rather than studying the physical world. These academic
disciplines rely more heavily on interpretation and qualitative research
methodologies.
The social sciences include:
 Anthropology
 Economics
 Political science
 Sociology
 Social psychology
History is also sometimes regarded as a social science, although many historians
often consider the subject to share closer links to the humanities. Both humanities and
social sciences study human beings. What separates them is technique: humanities are
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viewed as more philosophical and less scientific. Law, too, has some ties to social
sciences, as geography.
In the U.S., early education of social sciences begins in elementary school and
progresses throughout middle and high school with an emphasis on core social
sciences such as economics and political science. At the collegiate level, more
specialized disciplines are offered.
History of Social Sciences

The origins of social sciences can be traced back to the ancient Greeks. The lives they
led, and their early studies into human nature, the state, and mortality, helped to shape
Western civilization.
Social science as an academic field of study developed out of the Age of
Enlightenment (or the Age of Reason), which flourished through much of the
18th century in Europe. Adam Smith, Voltaire, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Denis Diderot,
Immanuel Kant, and David Hume were among the big intellectuals at the time who
laid the foundations for the study of social sciences in the Western World.
Individuals began to take a more disciplined approach to quantify their observations
of society, and over time, similar aspects of society, such as linguistics and
psychology, were separated into unique fields of study.
BRANCHES OF SOCIAL SCIENCES
ANTHROPOLOGY
Anthropology, considered as “the science of humanity,” which studies human beings
in aspects ranging from the biology and evolutionary history of Homo sapiens to the
features of society and culture that decisively distinguish humans from other animal
species. Because of the diverse subject matter it encompasses, anthropology has
become, especially since the middle of the 20th century, a collection of more
specialized fields. Physical anthropology is the branch that concentrates on the
biology and evolution of humanity. It is discussed in greater detail in the
article human evolution.
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DEMOGRAPHY
Demography is the study of human populations – their size, composition and
distribution across space – and the process through which populations change. Births,
deaths and migration are the ‘big three’ of demography, jointly producing population
stability or change.
A population’s composition may be described in terms of basic demographic features
– age, sex, family and household status – and by features of the population’s social
and economic context – language, education, occupation, ethnicity, religion, income
and wealth. The distribution of populations can be defined at multiple levels (local,
regional, national, global) and with different types of boundaries (political, economic,
and geographic). Demography is a central component of societal contexts and social
change.
WHAT DO DEMOGRAPHERS DO?
What demographers do goes well beyond this broad definition and draws extensively
from related disciplines – Sociology, Economics, statistics, History, Political Science,
Anthropology, Psychology, Public Health and Environmental Science.
Demography is very useful for understanding social and economic problems and
identifying potential solutions. Demographers are engaged in social planning, market
research, insurance forecasting, labor market analysis, economic development and so
on. They work for private firms and public agencies at local, regional, national and
international levels.
ECONOMICS
Economics is the study of how people allocate scarce resources for production,
distribution, and consumption, both individually and collectively.
Two major types of economics are microeconomics, which focuses on the behavior of
individual consumers and producers, and macroeconomics, which examine overall
economies on a regional, national, or international scale.
Economics is especially concerned with efficiency in production and exchange and
uses models and assumptions to understand how to create incentives and policies that
will maximize efficiency.
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Economists formulate and publish numerous economic indicators, such as gross
domestic product (GDP) and the Consumer Price Index (CPI).
Capitalism, socialism, and communism are types of economic systems.
Understanding Economics
One of the earliest recorded economic thinkers was the 8th-century B.C. Greek
farmer/poet Hesiod, who wrote that labor, materials, and time needed to be allocated
efficiently to overcome scarcity. But the founding of modern Western economics
occurred much later, generally credited to the publication of Scottish philosopher
Adam Smith's 1776 book, An Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of
Nations.1
The principle (and problem) of economics is that human beings have unlimited wants
and occupy a world of limited means. For this reason, the concepts of efficiency and
productivity are held paramount by economists. Increased productivity and a more
efficient use of resources, they argue, could lead to a higher standard of living.
ETHNIC STUDIES
Is interdisciplinary study of race and ethnicity, as understood through the perspectives
of major underrepresented racial groups in the United States. As a student, you will
draw upon many disciplines and areas of thought to comprehend the sociocultural,
intellectual, and historical experiences that inform the construction of racial, gender,
and cultural identities. You will question the origin and continuity of race and
racism, and perhaps discover your own area of research and action that can affect
social justice for all.
GEOGRAPHY
Geography is the study of places and the relationships between people and their
environments. Geographers explore both the physical properties of Earth’s surface
and the human societies spread across it. They also examine how human culture
interacts with the natural environment and the way those locations and places can
have an impact on people. Geography seeks to understand where things are found,
why they are there, and how they develop and change over time.
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Physical Geography
Physical geography is the study of Earth’s seasons, climate, atmosphere, soil, streams,
landforms, and oceans.
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY
Human geography is the study of the distribution of networks of people and cultures
on Earth’s surface.
HISTORY
History is the study of the past. Events occurring before the invention of writing
systems are considered prehistory. "History" is an umbrella term that relates to past
events as well as the memory, discovery, collection, organization, presentation, and
interpretation of information about these events. Historians place the past in context
using historical sources such as written documents, oral accounts, ecological markers,
and material objects including art and artifacts.
History also includes the academic discipline which uses narrative to describe,
examine, question, and analyze a sequence of past events, investigate the patterns of
cause and effect that are related to them. Historians seek to understand and represent
the past through narratives. They often debate which narrative best explains an event,
as well as the significance of different cause and affects. Historians also debate
the nature of history and its usefulness by discussing the study of the discipline as an
end in itself and as a way of providing "perspective" on the problems of the present
LINGUISTICS
Linguistics is the scientific study of language. It involves the analysis of
language form, language meaning, and language in context. Linguists traditionally
analyses human language by observing interplay between sound and meaning.
Linguistics also deals with the social, cultural, historical, and political factors that
influence language, through which linguistic and language-based context is often
determined. Research on language through the sub-branches
of historical and evolutionary linguistics also focuses on how languages change and
grow, particularly over an extended period of time.
POLITICAL SCIENCE
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Political science focuses on the theory and practice of government and politics at the
local, state, national, and international levels. We are dedicated to developing
understandings of institutions, practices, and relations that constitute public life and
modes of inquiry that promote citizenship.
PSYCHOLOGY
Psychology is the study of behavior and the mind. There are different types of
psychology, such as cognitive, forensic, social, and developmental psychology. A
person with a condition that affects their mental health may benefit from assessment
and treatment with a psychologist. A psychologist may offer treatment that focuses on
behavioral adaptations. A psychiatrist is a medical doctor who is more likely to focus
on medical management of mental health issues.
SOCIOLOGY
Sociology a social science that studies human societies, their interactions, and the
processes that preserve and change them. It does this by examining
the dynamics of constituent parts of societies such as institutions, communities,
populations, and gender, racial, or age groups. Sociology also studies social status or
stratification, social movements, and social change, as well as societal disorder in the
form of crime, deviance, and revolution.
APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCES
Applied social science is the application of social science theories, concepts, methods,
and findings to problems identified in the wider society (D. Jary & J. Jary 2000).
Using this understanding in the segmentation of social science into distinct disciplines
gives rise to the concepts of applied social sciences that include counseling, social
work, and communication.
In this typology, theories, concepts, methods, and findings of counseling define the
counseling practice. The same is true for social work and communication disciplines.
However, this description of applied social science minimizes or even omits the
interdisciplinary aspect that is implicit to social science when it is applied. There can
be no social issue that is purely one-dimensional. Different disciplines within the field
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of social science bring some unique dimensions to a better understanding of social
phenomena. This means that applied social sciences cannot afford to be fragmented.
Essentially, it has to unify and cut across.
Definition of Social Sciences
Social sciences are disciplines concerned with the systematic study of social
phenomena. Basically, the term ‘social sciences’ is defined as the study of human
society; that particular area of study that relates to human behavior and society. In a
broader sense, it is a branch of science that deals with the institutions, the functioning
of human society, and with the interpersonal relationships of individuals as members
of society. There are distinct disciplines or branches dealing with a particular phase or
aspect of human society such as socio-cultural aspects of human behavior.
An Overview: Disciplines of Social Sciences
The disciplines of social sciences generally include: anthropology, economics,
sociology, political science, history, criminology, psychology, geography, and
communication studies. The goal of these disciplines is to explain human behavior in
its many cultural forms including the past and the present, individually or in groups,
national and international geopolitical contexts, and to empower them as democratic
participants in a rapidly changing world. The disciplines of social science taken
together provide a substantive insight to the understanding of society and of the
relationship of individual members and groups within the society.
The disciplines also study all areas related to human behavior and society, the
institutions and functioning of human society, and the interpersonal relationships of
individuals as members of society as well as dealing with a particular phase or aspect
of human society. To put this in context, the enumerated disciplines above give the
sense of complexity and specificity to the disciplines involved.
Definition of Applied Social Science
Applied social science is an integrated science cutting across are transcending various
social science disciplines in addressing a wide range of issues in a contemporary,
innovative, and dynamic way. It aims at presenting a well-developed understanding
of social systems, social theory, and social policy It integrates theory, social research,
skills and professional experience, and critical thinking skills necessary to fully
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address social phenomena. Applied social science, therefore, is a broad field that
draws on different social theories and perspectives and combines theory and practice
drawn from different social disciplines that highlight the complexity of social issues.
Historically, social science knowledge has been compartmentalized into different
disciplines, which until the 1990s and 2000s became apparent to many social critics
as fragmenting rather than promoting the holistic view and complexity of social
reality. This view has advanced the position that it is best that these different social
science disciplines work together to produce a more effective and coherent insights
on social issues under one umbrella of applied science. In this sense, applied social
science essentially reflects an interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary view and
approach to social issues, policy, and response.
The focus of applied social science is less fixed and allows for specialisms in other
areas to provide perspectives. It is very important to understand that applied social
science is not an aggregation of various specialized social science disciplines. It
transcends individual specialized social science and finds its true essence through
active engagement with the larger society in action. It is praxis. In this work text,
three of the applied social sciences are emphasized to demonstrate how theories and
concepts drawn from other disciplines can be brought together to bear upon one
discipline in applied sense: counseling, social work, and communication.
Relationship between Social Sciences and Applied Social Sciences
As discussed above, social sciences are more specific and focused on a distinct facet
of a social phenomenon while applied social science attempts to focus on a distinct
issue but use insights arising from various social science disciplines. While social
science may explore broadly their distinct disciplines, some of their input may easily
become applied while others may remain theoretical. When social science theories,
concepts, methods, and findings gain application to problems identified in the wider
society, then applied social science is achieved.
Functions and Effects of Applied Social Sciences
Social sciences are described as generators of knowledge about the social world to
cause understanding. Applied social sciences transcend this level though remain
essentially providers of focus. They cede their passive stage to embrace the active
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mode when they migrate into the applied space. Therefore, the following may be
considered functions and effects of applied social sciences.
They generate knowledge in an organic way for evidence-based actions and solutions
to social problems and issues. They provide learning feedback by simultaneously
engaging the experts and the stakeholders that form a social world.
They cause social sciences to do things rather than just remain a source of factual
knowledge with little or no utility at all.
They generate practical solutions to complex social problems.
The provision of knowledge by social science becomes the moral basis for applied
science to address the issues m problems of society.
Communication provides accessibility to information and thereby serves the rights of
an individual and the public to be informed and to he heard by their elders and
communities.
Counseling provides healing, courage, and strength for an individual to face his/her
issues and takes up the best possible option in moments of life crises.
The social work promotes social change, problem solving in human relationships, and
the empowerment and liberation of people to enhance their holistic well-being.
Public Perception of Social Sciences and Applied Social Science
Practitioners In the post-democratic era, social sciences are the myths of our time and
applied science practitioners have become the mythmakers. This perception is
generally based on facts such as how, through media communication and research;
social sciences create phenomena that result to an emergence of the sense of new
ways of describing and acting that have ended up producing all sorts of effects
including such political renewals as Arab spring, EDSA, Green Revolution, and so
forth. Candidates in political processes understand too well how polls, opinion
columns, and even debates can make or unmake a candidate and his/her chances of
winning. The candidates’ performance in polls generally affects how undecided
voters come to a decision or frame candidates. Using various tools, the social sciences
are capable and do create their phenomena through the procedures that are established
to discover such phenomena. In general, the social sciences have played a key role in
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the creation of opinionated persons and an opinionated society on almost all issues of
public interest.
In some areas, however, the public has developed a skeptical attitude toward social
sciences and applied social sciences practitioners largely due to their inability to
provide formidable solutions to social problems. Other perceptions tend to be
discipline-specific as how people view counselors, social workers, and media. In
some societies like the Philippines, people rarely present themselves a counselor
unless they are heavily compelled to do so, while in some counts. it is very much part
of a professional service that people would voluntarily seek for their own health.
Media tend to be perceived as biased and in certain moments, confusing and therefore
unreliable, Social work has been perceived as purely distributors of goods during
calamities and social welfare. Rarely do people perceive social work as:
Remember!
The social work profession promotes social change: problem solving in human
relationships and the empowerment and liberation of people to enhance well-being.
Utilizing theories of human behavior and social systems, social work. Intervenes at
the points where people interact with their environments, Principles of human rights
and social justice is fundamental to social work.
EXERCISES/EVALUATION:
EXERCISE NO. 1
Compare and Contrast Graphic Organizer
Applied Social
Social Science
Science
How are they alike?

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________ 12
___________________________________________________________________
How are they different?
________________________ _____________________
________________________
EXERCISE NO. 2 _____________________
________________________ _____________________
__ ___________
1. What is the importance of knowing the difference of pure social science from applied
social science?
2. How can you say that the applied social science differ from pure social science?
EXERCISE NO. 3
Addressing the statements and giving your opinion and ideas after you learned the
lesson.
Statements After the Chapter Study
Social science is the study of

society and the manner in which
people behave and affect the world.
Social sciences are only applicable

in the academe and not in the
workplace.
Applied social scientist use and

borrow different concepts,
theoretical models, and theories
from social science and disciplines.
Guidance counseling is a profession

that helps address a person’s
specific projects, business
successes , general conditions and
transitions in life , relationships , or
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profession
Applied social sciences provide

good theoretical and conceptual
foundations for social work practice.
Psychology studies hoe human

mind work in consonance with the
body to produce thoughts that lead
to individual actions.
EXERCISE NO. 4
SUMMARY AND REFLECTION
Summarize what you have learned in this lesson in Five (5) sentences and another Five (5)
sentences for your reflection.
UNIT II: COUNSELING

1. The learners demonstrate an understanding of disciplines of counseling
2. Able to demonstrate a high level of the basic concepts of counseling.
UNIT PREFACE
Counseling is defined as, "a professional relationship that empowers diverse individuals,
families, and groups to accomplish mental health, wellness, education, and career goals."
Counseling involves helping people make needed changes in ways of thinking, feeling, and
behaving, and is a goal-based collaborative process, involving a non-judgmental, supportive
counselor who works with a client in telling his or her story, setting viable goals, and
developing strategies and plans necessary to accomplish these goals. For some people this
process takes a small amount of time, in some cases as little as one or two sessions; for
others, the process may last longer.
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LESSON 2: THE DISCIPLINE OF COUNSELING
1. To know the definition of Counseling.
2. To identify the goals and scope of counseling and discuss the core values and
principles of counseling
3. To demonstrate comprehension of counseling principles through case

analysis.
1. Pre- Test
4. Reflection
1. Reference Book
2. Paper and pen
THE MEANING OF COUNSELING

The Discipline of Counseling is a relationship characterized by the application of one or
more psychological counseling theories and a recognized set of communication skills
appropriate to a client’s intimate concerns, problems, or aspirations
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The client is individuals or group in a demoralized, distressed, or in a negative state of mind
about their situation or context.
Counseling can be one or group and may be delivered through a number of methods such as
through face-to face dialogue, group work, telephone, email or other written materials.
DEFINATION OF COUNSELING
Collins Dictionary of Sociology defines counseling as the process of guiding a person during
a stage of life when reassessments or decisions have to be made about himself or herself and
his/her life course.
Counselors are professionally trained and certified to perform counseling
Their Job is to provide advice or guidance in decision making in emotionally significant
situations by helping clients explore and understand their worlds and discover better ways
and well informed choices in resolving an emotional or interpersonal problem.
As discipline, it is allied to Psychology and deals with normal responses to normal life
events, which may sometimes create stress for some people who in turn, choose to ask for
help and support.
Counseling is generally no clinical intervention. Traditionally in many societies counseling
provided by family, friends, and older people.
Counseling is widely considered the heart of the Guidance Services:
Counseling is widely considered the heart of the Guidance Services in school:
Counseling is usually done as individual or group intervention designed to facilitate positive
change in student behavior, feelings, and attitudes.
As a process, it involves two sides:
1. An individual or group who needs help
2. A mature professionally trained counselor
Process of guiding a person during a stage of life when reassessments or decisions have to be
made about him/herself and his/her life course (Sampa, 2017 p. 11)-It is a purposeful, private
conversation arising from the intention of one person (couple or family) to reﬂect on and
resolve a problem in living, and the willingness of another person to assist in that endeavor
(McLeod, 2013 p. 7) BASIC ASSUMPTIONS:
 It is an activity between co-participants
 Presence of a ‘problem in living’
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 Fundamentally based on conversation
 Act of seeking counseling is not a form of weakness
 Aimed at empowering a client
CONTEXT OF COUNSELING
Counseling always exists within a social and cultural context (Sampa,2017 p.12
GOALS IN COUNSELING
Different individuals have different perceptions of what can be expected of counseling.
Individuals preparing to become counselors, and those who seek counseling, as well as
parents, teachers, school administrators and governmental agencies, all differ in their
expectations of the counseling experience. The final designation of these goals is to be
determined by the counselor and the client as a team.
Counseling theorists do not always agree on appropriate counseling goals because they are
often general, vague and saturated with implications. However, these are the five most
commonly named goals of counseling:
1. Facilitating behavior change.
2. Improving the client’s ability to establish and maintain relationships.
3. Enhancing the client’s effectiveness and ability to cope.
4. Promoting the decision-making process and facilitating client potential.
5. Development.
These goals are not mutually exclusive and will naturally be emphasized by some theorists
and not others.
SCOPE OF COUNSELING
Counseling is a part of guidance, so it has also the same dimensions of scope as guidance.
Beside these, counseling as a specialized programmer has some special needs also. Problems
and needs in society are not new. But today they seem to be proliferating at an unprecedented
rate. Counseling is required to solve a variety of social problems. Counseling is necessary in
different areas like Juvenile delinquency, Marriage, Weaker sections, Disadvantaged groups,
Drug addiction etc. Scope of counseling is very vast. It is concerned with various problems
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and progress of an individual for example the planning relating to financial and health
problems, problems related to family, society and emotional adjustments.
Training feels that the scope of counseling depends upon the nature of the problem
complexity of treatment and the competence of the counselor. The scope of counseling has
become very broad due to the nature of problems the society is facing. We are facing a
number of problems at our home, school and society; still we can go ahead with proper
planning. We can face the changes and challenges with proper planning needs proper
guidance. So the need of guidance is the need of the hour.
Counseling is a personal and dynamic relationship between two individuals an older, more
experienced and wiser (counselor) and a younger, less wise (counsel). The latter has a
problem for which he seeks the help of the former. The two work together so that the
problem may be more clearly defined and the counsel may be helped to a self-determined
solution.
CORE VALUES AND ETHICAL PRINCIPLES OF COUNSELING

This statement, Ethics for Counseling and Psychotherapy, unifies and replaces all the earlier
codes for counselors, trainers and supervisors. It is intended to guide the practice of
counseling and psychotherapy by all members of the British Association for Counseling and
Psychotherapy (BACP) and inform the practice of closely related roles that are delivered in
association with counseling and psychotherapy or as part of the infrastructure to deliver these
services. Being ethically mindful and willing to be accountable for the ethical basis of
practice are essential requirements of membership of this Association.
In this statement the term ‘practitioner’ is used generically to refer to anyone with
responsibility for the provision of counseling or psychotherapy-related services.
‘Practitioner’ includes anyone undertaking the role(s) of counselor, psychotherapist, trainers
and educators for these roles, providers of coaching and mentoring in association with
counseling and psychotherapy, supervisors, and practitioner researchers. Members of this
Association who are providers of services using counseling skills, embedded counselors,
managers and researchers of therapeutic services, are required to be accountable in
accordance with the Ethical Framework in ways appropriate to their role and to
communicate appropriately the basis of their ethical accountability and expectations. The
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term ‘client’ is used as a generic term to refer to the recipient of any of these services. The
client may be an individual, couple, family, group, organization or other specifiable social
unit. Alternative names may be substituted for ‘practitioner’ and ‘client’ in the practice
setting, according to custom and context.
This statement marks an important development in approach to ethics within the Association.
One of the characteristics of contemporary society is the coexistence of different approaches
to ethics. This statement reflects this ethical diversity and supports practitioners being
responsive to differences in client abilities, needs and culture and taking account of variations
between settings and service specializations by considering:
 Values
 Principles
 Personal moral qualities
This selection of ways of expressing ethical commitments does not seek to invalidate other
approaches. The presentation of different ways of approaching ethics alongside each other in
this statement is intended to draw attention to the limitations of relying too heavily on any
single ethical approach. Ethical principles are well suited to examining the justification for
particular decisions and actions. However, reliance on principles alone may detract from the
importance of the practitioner’s personal qualities and their ethical significance in the
counseling or therapeutic relationship. The provision of contextually sensitive
and appropriate services is also a fundamental ethical concern. Variations in client needs and
cultural diversity differences are often more easily understood and responded to in terms of
values. Therefore, professional values are becoming an increasingly significant way of
expressing ethical commitment.
VALUES OF COUNSELLING AND PSYCHOTHERAPY
The fundamental values of counseling and psychotherapy include a commitment to:
 Respecting human rights and dignity
 Protecting the safety of clients
 Ensuring the integrity of practitioner-client relationships
 Enhancing the quality of professional knowledge and its application
 Alleviating personal distress and suffering
 Fostering a sense of self that is meaningful to the person(s) concerned
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 Increasing personal effectiveness
 Enhancing the quality of relationships between people
 Appreciating the variety of human experience and culture
 Striving for the fair and adequate provision of counseling and psychotherapy services
 Values inform principles. They represent an important way of expressing a general
ethical commitment that becomes more precisely defined and action-orientated when
expressed as a principle.
PERSONAL MORAL QUALITIES

The practitioner’s personal moral qualities are of the utmost importance to clients. Many of
the personal qualities considered important in the provision of services have an ethical or
moral component and are therefore considered as virtues or good personal qualities. It is
inappropriate to prescribe that all practitioners possess these qualities, since it is fundamental
that these personal qualities are deeply rooted in the person concerned and developed out of
personal commitment rather than the requirement of an external authority. Personal qualities
to which counselors and psychotherapists are strongly encouraged to aspire include:
Empathy: the ability to communicate understanding of another person’s experience from
that person’s perspective.
Sincerity: a personal commitment to consistency between what is professed and what is
done.
Integrity: commitment to being moral in dealings with others, personal straightforwardness,
honesty and coherence.
Resilience: the capacity to work with the client’s concerns without being personally
diminished.
Respect: showing appropriate esteem to others and their understanding of themselves.
Humility: the ability to assess accurately and acknowledge one’s own strengths and
weaknesses.
Competence: the effective deployment of the skills and knowledge needed to do what is
required.
Fairness: the consistent application of appropriate criteria to inform decisions and actions.
20
Wisdom: possession of sound judgment that informs practice.
Courage: the capacity to act in spite of known fears, risks and uncertainty.
EXERCISES/EVALUATION
EXERCISES NO. 1
The following statements enable you to reflect on or figure – out your level of understanding
about counseling. You are required to agree or disagree with each of the following
statements. After the Chapter Study. Place YES on the After the Chapter Study column if you
agree with the statement and NO if you do not agree. Support your answers by giving your
explanation.
Statements After the Chapter Study

Counseling as an art is the subjective dimension of
counseling. It acclaims a flexible and creative
process whereby the counselor modifies the
approach to meet the developing needs of clients.
Remedial goals refer to assisting a client to
overcome and treat an undesirable development.
Counseling happens when a person who is distressed
asks and permits another person to enter into a
particular kind of connection with him or her.
A licensed professional scholar may render to
individuals , groups, organizations , or the general
public counseling services involving the application
of clinical counseling principles, methods, or
procedures to assist individuals in achieving more
effective personal, social, educational, or career
development and adjustment.
The way we perceive or view things, people, events
and our environment, is influenced by our values.
Counselors treat with confidence personal
information about clients, whether obtained directly
or indirectly by inference.
In view of the theory of utilitarianism in relation to
beneficence, the application of utilitarianism would
be to apply an ethical decision in the light of costs
and benefits for each participant.
Marriage and family counseling refers to the efforts
to establish an encouraging relationship with a
couple or family and appreciate the complications in
the family system.
A counselor’s primary responsibility is to respect the
dignity and to promote the welfare of clients.
Counselors accept employment only for positions
21
which they are qualified by education, training,
supervised experience, state and national
professional credentials, and appropriate professional
experience.
EXERCISES NO. 2
Discuss what have you understand and learned from the following principles:
1. Principle of Justice
2. Principles of Fidelity
3. Autonomy of individuals
4. Principle of non-maleficence
EXERCISES NO. 3
sentences for your reflection.
LESSON 3: PROFESSIONALS AND PRACTITIONERS IN COUNSELING

1. To know the roles and functions of Counseling.
2. To identify the specialization of counselors in the line of work
22
3. To understand the rights, responsibilities and accountabilities of counselors.
4. To realize the career opportunities in the line of counseling.

1. Pre- Test
4. Reflection
1. Reference Book
2. Paper and pen
DISCUSSIONS:
WATCH ON YOUTUBE:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0mKHauD0pFk&feature=youtu.be
Counseling is a collaborative effort between the counselor and client. Professional counselors
help clients identify goals and potential solutions to problems which cause emotional turmoil;
seek to improve communication and coping skills; strengthen self-esteem; and promote
behavior change and optimal mental health.
COUNSELING PROFESSION: ITS ROLES, FUNCTIONS AND COMPETENCIES

The role of guidance counselors in schools is to work with students and parents to help guide
students' academic, behavioral and social growth. Individuals in this field work in
elementary, middle and high schools. This article explores guidance counselor duties and
responsibilities and the requirements to become one.
Guidance Counselor Job Description
Guidance or school counselors assist students with their educational, career, and social needs
- often developing a thorough understanding of an individual through interviews and aptitude
assessments. They typically work in collaboration with parents, teachers, and administrators
23
to ensure a student's academic success. Counseling sessions generally take place individually,
but can also be provided in small groups.
Education Requirements
A master's degree in education counseling is necessary to become a school guidance
counselor. These degree programs typically take 2-3 years to complete and include classroom
instruction and practical experience working with real students. The programs culminate in
several months of supervised fieldwork in a real school. You can learn the skills to become a
school guidance counselor by taking graduate courses in:
Licensure Requirements
Counselors in public schools typically need to be licensed. While requirements can vary from
state to state, aspiring counselors usually need to complete a master's program, a practicum
(supervised by a licensed professional school counselor) and an exam to obtain a license. A
criminal background check will also likely be required. In some states, roughly 1-2 years of
teaching experience are required as well.
School Counselor Duties and Responsibilities

School guidance counselors work with students from kindergarten to grade 12 to help solve
personal, social and academic problems. Both elementary school counselors and high school
counselors identify problems, such as alcohol and substance abuse, family violence or
problems between students. In response, they use a variety of counseling methods and
conflict resolution skills to resolve these problems. Counselors also help students find their
appropriate educational path and help them stick to it.
The role of a guidance counselor in high schools is to work with students to achieve their
post-high school goals, in addition to working through any social and academic problems.
These counselors help choose high school classes that prepare students for their post-
graduation plans. They also help students apply to colleges or trade schools by advising them
about admission requirements and financial aid.
Skills needed to acquire the role of a school guidance counselor
As their profession is largely people-focused, school guidance counselors must have a high
level of compassion and empathy when dealing with students, especially those undergoing
24
touch or stressful situations. They must also possess excellent interpersonal skills, as they
will typically encounter people of all backgrounds and personalities. As much of their work
involves helping others, they must also have sharp communication and listening skills in
order to identify the needs of an individual.
Guidance counselors are also required to be highly analytical, as they may regularly perform
assessments to determine the skills and academic levels of students. They must then be able
to interpret this information in order to match student abilities and interests to potential
careers.
CAREER OPPORTUNITIES AND AREAS OF SPECIALIZATION OF
COUNSELORS
If you’re thinking of declaring counseling major, it’s beneficial to give some thought to
which of the many counseling specializations you would find most interesting. It’s a no-
brainer that counseling is the right major course of study for you if you’re enthusiastic about
helping other people overcome their problems and reach their highest potential. To best
accomplish this, you’ll have to choose a specialty. That requires some thought about who,
exactly, you want to help, and in what capacity you want to assist. You can narrow it down
by considering five of the most popular specializations for counseling majors:
1. SCHOOL COUNSELOR
School counselors work for public or private high schools in advisory roles. Their
responsibilities can include helping high school students to excel in school, helping students
to prepare for college and encouraging students to participate in extracurricular activities that
will enhance both their resumes and social lives.
To become a school counselor, you’ll typically need to earn your master’s degree in school
counseling. Your intended state of practice may also require further credentials.
School counselors earn annual median pay of $ 53,660 or median hourly pay of $25.80. This
is a counseling specialization with reliable demand levels, and the outlook for future
employment is fine.
2. CAREER COUNSELOR
Career counselors give people the guidance they seek in choosing suitable careers and
preparing for them. This is typically a full-time job. Employers for this position can be found
25
in career centers, universities, colleges and governmental organizations. Some career
counselors operate private practices.
Requirements for the job vary depending on the employer and state of practice. Having at
least a master’s degree is ideal. A private career counseling practice may require a state
license.
Career counselors earn annual median pay of $ 53,660 or median hourly pay of $25.80. This
is another counseling specialization with consistent demand levels, and the outlook for future
employment is fine.
3. MENTAL HEALTH COUNSELOR
Mental health counselors diagnose emotional and psychiatric disorders, and they guide their
patients in the process of living with such disorders.
A master’s degree and state license are requirements for becoming a mental health counselor.
Clinical experience is also required, along with a passing grade on the examination(s)
required in your intended state of practice.
Mental health counselors earn annual median pay of $43,190 or median hourly pay of
$20.77. This is a fast-growing specialization with exceptionally fantastic prospects for future
employment.
4. Marriage Counselor
A marriage counselor is an unbiased third party who can help couples resolve marital
problems. Distressed couples seek the help of a marriage counselor when they don’t want to
divorce but aren’t sure how to compromise on various issues. Some pastors, churches and
religious groups also require that couples consult a marriage counselor for a specified period
of time before they can be married in that particular religious tradition.
These professionals typically work full time. Some have their own private practices and some
work for health centers, religious organizations or in similar settings.
To become a marriage counselor, you’ll need to earn a master’s degree in psychology,
marriage therapy, family therapy or a similarly relevant discipline. You’ll also need to obtain
a license. Licensure typically requires clinical practice plus a passing grade on any exams
required in your state of intended practice.
Marriage counselors earn annual median pay of $43,190 or median hourly pay of $20.77.
This is a fast-growing specialization with excellent prospects for future employment.
26
5. Rehabilitation Counselor
Rehabilitation counselors typically work full time in positions at youth guidance
organizations, senior’s centers, rehabilitation centers and similar organizations. One of their
main roles is to assist newly disabled people adjust to life with their disabilities.
Rehabilitation counselors might also find work helping physically disabled people or
mentally disabled people to manage their careers, personal lives or social lives.
To become a rehabilitation counselor, you’re likely to need a master’s degree in
rehabilitation counseling plus certification and a license.
Rehabilitation counselors earn annual median pay of $34,390 or median hourly pay of
$16.54. This is a fast-growing and popular counseling specialization with excellent prospects
for future employment.
Once you’ve decided to pursue a career as a counselor, it’s ideal to obtain both a bachelor’s
degree and a master’s degree in this field. If you’ve determined that counseling is a good fit
for your skill set and life goals, it’s worth tailoring your academic schedule to harmonize
with whichever of these counseling specializations appeals most to you.
RIGHTS, RESPONSIBILITIES, AND ACCOUNTABILITIES OF COUNSELORS
Qualified psychologists are committed to providing quality care and treatment for clients.
Promoting the rights and responsibilities of clients is an important part of this commitment.
A client of Counselor Professional Consulting is a person (child, adolescent, or adult)
receiving the service.
The Australian Psychological Society and the Psychologists Registration Board of Victoria
has a code of practice (based on legislation) which sets out clients’ rights and responsibilities.
As a client of these services you have the right to:
1. be treated with dignity and respect regardless of cultural background or other personal
beliefs;
2. receive a competent and professional service
3. be involved in the planning, implementation and evaluation of your treatment
(including clarification of your treatment goals and the number of session required);
4. be given clear explanations of the treatment and\or tests being recommended,
(including any risks and alternative options);
5. receive a clear explanation of all costs involved
27
6. refuse treatment (unless subject to mental health legislation);
7. The information you give to any therapist to be treated in the strictest confidence and
to only be shared with those who are directly involved in your primary care. In
circumstances where, in the opinion of your therapist, there is an issue of concern
about the safety of yourself or another person, the therapist has a legal duty to follow
Department of Human Services regulations by making a notification of the concern to
the appropriate authorities.
8. request the services of an advocate or interpreter at any stage during treatment if, for
example, you have difficulty hearing or if English is not your first language
9. Give your consent for release of any information from the case file to another person
or agency. Wherever possible your wishes will be respected. In rare and specific
circumstances, should the file be subpoenaed to appear in court, the therapist is
obliged to make contents of the file available to the court;
10. request a second opinion from another therapist;
11. receive a service without sexual harassment, exploitation or coercion
12. make a complaint about the type of service you are receiving, either to the service or
to an external complaints body
YOU’RE RESPONSIBILITIES
As a client of Counselor Professional Consulting and as far as you is able, it is your
responsibility to:
1. inform your therapist about your relevant medical history;
2. ask for a clear explanation of the treatment and\or tests being recommended;
3. become involved in the planning, implementation and evaluation of your treatment;
4. ask about the consequences or alternatives for you should you refuse the
recommended treatment;
5. make every effort to attend appointments arranged;
6. let the service know if you are unable to keep your appointment (a cancellation fee is
charged with less than 1 full working days’ notice);
7. inform the service of any difficulties with the treatment being proposed because of
religious, cultural, language, ethnicity, gender or other factors;
8. respect the rights, property and privacy of other clients;
28
EXERCISES/ EVALUATION:
EXERCISES NO. 1
1. What is the importance of counseling?
2. If you give a chance to become a counselor are you going to grab it? Why or Why
not?
EXERCISES NO. 2
1. What are roles of counseling?
2. What Careers opportunities and areas of specialization of counselors?
3. What are the roles and functions of counseling?
EXERCISES NO. 3
sentences for your reflection
29
LESSON 4: CLIENTELE AND AUDIENCES IN COUNSELING
1. To know the clientele an audiences of Counseling.
2. To identify the responsibility of audiences and clientele in the counseling

settings
3. To understand the rights, responsibilities and accountabilities of clientele and

audiences in the counseling sessions and programs.
4. To understand clients characteristics and how counseling functions in the

given community.
5. To realize the career opportunities in the line of counseling.

1. Pre- Test
4. Reflection
1. Reference Book
2. Paper and pen
30
DISCUSSIONS:
CLIENTELE AND AUDIENCES IN COUNSELING
Individuals and groups of people who receive service from various counseling professions
constitute the clientele and audience. These individuals and groups vary in their needs and
context where they avail of counseling services.
Characteristics of the Clientele and Audiences of Counseling
The clientele and audiences of counseling is normal people. They are not in need of clinical
or mental help. They may be the youth in need of guidance at critical moments of their
growth, anyone in need of assistance in realizing a change in behavior or attitude, or simply
seeking to achieve a goal. What the audience normally calls for in counseling is application
or development of social skills, effective communication, spiritual direction, decision-
making, and career choices. Sometimes, people need to cope with crisis. Other clientele and
audiences of counseling may be people in need of premarital and marital counseling, grief
and loss (divorce, death, or amputation), domestic Violence and other types of abuse, or
coping with terminal illness, death, and dying.
Needs of Various Types of Clientele and Audiences of Counseling
The needs vary for each type of clientele and audience of counseling. In the school context,
guidance and counselors aim to meet needs such as job-hunting coaching, conflict
management providers, human resources personnel, marriage counselors, drug abuse and
rehabilitation counselors, bereavement counselors, and abused children caretakers and
rehabilitation in government and NGO settings.
As school guidance and counselors, these professionals provide the need for personal
guidance by helping students seek more options and find better and more appropriate ones in
dealing with situations of stress or simply decision making. This may include career options.
Sometimes, they bridge between family and the school in resolving conflicts that affect
students and their families to the extent of becoming a threat to student development and
learning.
As job-hunting coaches, counselors provide avenues for people to find necessary information
and get employment that is suitable to them. The services
31
Individuals and groups of people who receive service from various counseling professions
constitute the clientele and audience. These individuals and groups vary in their needs and
context where they avail of counseling services.
Characteristics of the Clientele and Audiences of Counseling
The clientele and audiences of counseling is normal people. They are not in need of clinical
or mental help. They may be the youth in need of guidance at critical moments of their
growth, anyone in need of assistance in realizing a change in behavior or attitude, or simply
seeking to achieve a goal. What the audience normally calls for in counseling is application
or development of social skills, effective communication, spiritual direction, decision-
making, and career choices. Sometimes, people need to cope with crisis. Other clientele and
audiences of counseling may be people in need of premarital and marital counseling, grief
and loss (divorce, death, or amputation), domestic Violence and other types of abuse, or
coping With terminal illness, death, and dying.
Needs of Various Types of Clientele and Audiences of Counseling
The needs vary for each type of clientele and audience of counseling. In the school context,
guidance and counselors aim to meet needs such as job-hunting coaching, conflict
management providers, human resources personnel, marriage counselors, drug abuse and
rehabilitation counselors, bereavement counselors, and abused children caretakers and
rehabilitation in government and NGO settings.
As school guidance and counselors, these professionals provide the need for personal
guidance by helping students seek more options and find better and more appropriate ones in
dealing with situations of stress or simply decision making. This may include career options.
Sometimes, they bridge between family and the school in resolving conflicts that affect
students and their families to the extent of becoming a threat to student development and
learning.
As job-hunting coaches, counselors provide avenues for people to find necessary information
and get employment that is suitable to them. The services
Offered may include technical aspects of how to prepare a curriculum vitae (CV) or a
resume, how to speak to employers, and how to present and conduct oneself before
employers. These can even c0ver such details as how to walk and how to groom one to meet
expectations of prospective employers.
32
As conflict management providers, these professionals provide the need for principles and
theory-based approaches to deal with conflict and deescalate it, if not revolve it positively.
Conflicts are everywhere and they are not always that easy to avoid. These professionals
provide ways to manage conflict constructively.
As human resources personnel, these professionals provide the needs common to all
workplaces and they are employed in almost all workplaces to' deal with various employee
needs that cover aspects of remunerations, Social services, compensations, conflict
resolution, and discipline. There is a wide range of services that employment provide for the
work force, which are not directly related to their technical work. They are designed to keep
workers happy and cared for as humans. They form part of human resource management.
As marriage counselors, these professionals provide the need for conflict. resolution skills to
parties, couples, and children to deal with various stresses and issues that threaten their unity
or peaceful coexistence. Sometimes, their work is to reconcile couples, while at other times,
they work to help them part ways in the best way possible through available legal
instruments such as separation, divorce, or annulment. '
As drug abuse and rehabilitation counselors, these professionals meet the need to help people
overcome their problems or mitigate some of the most negative effects of drug abuse. Their
goal is to facilitate client rehabilitation.
As bereavement counselors, these professionals respond to the need to be helped to go

through loss, such as death in the family, in a way that Will help prevent depression and
other unhealthy ways of dealing or coping with loss such as committing suicide or giving up
on life. Through them, clients are empowered to experience recovery or some form of
healing that will help them cope well with such human tragedies. '
As abused children caretakers and rehabilitation in government and NGO settings, counselors
meet the need to facilitate processing and restoration of abused children through recognition
and implementation of existing laws and recovery procedures in coordination with relevant
units.
The Individual as Client of Counseling
33
The individual who needs to be helped to manage well a life-changing situation or personal
problem or crisis and other support needs may ‘undergo counseling as an individual. This is
the common type of counseling: the individualized type. The individual needs capacitation to
be able to manage well their unique circumstances, which may be very difficult to endure
alone. Problems like alcoholism, loss of job, divorce, imprisonment, and rehabilitation can be
a cause of shame and embarrassment. Without acquiring enough strength and ability to go
through such life experience, people are vulnerable and may come out worse; even while
simply going through natural life transitions like retirement and. growing old.
The Group and Organization as Client of Counseling

Groups exist in communities, organizations, students in schools, teachers in school, and
departments in workplaces, and such an entity can undergo group counseling to meet
counseling needs on that level. The needs can range from desire to reduce conflict or manage
it, become more productive as a team or work better together. Some of the group processes
and procedures resemble those that are applied to individuals. However, some are very
unique to group and organizational context.
The Community as Client of Counseling

When people experience something collectively, which may be socially troubling and
constitute the danger of blocking their collective capacity to move on, counseling is
necessary to be undertaken on a community level. In post a part South Africa, a truth and
reconciliation commission was sought to help restoration of the South African communities.
Likewise, in the post-genocide Ruanda,‘ a similar approach was done to help restore trust and
confidence in communities that were brutally disrupted by civil war and mass killing.
34
EVALUATION/EXERCISES:
EVALUATION NO.1
Think-Pair-Share
Approach someone you 'are close with such as 'a family member or friend you know who has
_ undergone a life-challenging situation. Interview him/ her and then discern how counseling
would have helped him/ her go through those difficult times.
EVALUATION NO. 2
Explain what have you understand in the following:
1. Individual as a client of Counseling
2. Group or organization as client of Counseling
3. Community as Client of Counseling
EXERCISES NO. 3
35
LESSON 5: COUNSELING AND ITS WORK
1. To know and understand counseling and its work

2. To identify the places and field of works in counseling
3. To realize the career path opportunities in the line of counseling.

4. To give interest of the field of counseling.
1. Pre- Test
4. Reflection
1. Reference Book
2. Paper and pen
Where Can You Work with a Degree in Counseling?

The following places of employment offer work opportunities for someone with a counseling
degree:
1. Hospitals
From assuming the role of a family grief counselor to providing mental health evaluations,
counseling professionals with a bachelor's or master's degree often find employment at a
hospital. Some counselors are hired to assist patients overcome various psychological and
behavioral issues, while others may specifically focus on the rehabilitation of a hospital
patient. With a Ph.D., counselors can assume the position of clinical supervisor at a hospital,
as well as qualify for many other jobs in administration.
2. Inpatient or Outpatient Detoxification Centers
36
According to the 2012 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) released by the
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), 2.5 million
Americans aged 12 or older (or 10.8 percent of those in need) received treatment in a
specialized treatment setting for an illicit drug or alcohol problem. There are a reported more
than 23 million Americans altogether who are in need of treatment, and counselors are hired
to assist their road to recovery.
COUNSELORS ARE HIRED TO WORK IN:
Inpatient facilities hire counselors to assist with 24-hour care of high-risk patients battling
substance abuse.
Outpatient facilities hire counselors to provide treatment during the day, while patients are
allowed to return to their homes at night.
Substance abuse or addiction counselors may also serve as detox specialists or crisis workers
within a detoxification center.
3. Mental Health Facilities & Agencies

Providing one-on-one treatment or holding group therapy sessions, professionals with a
graduate degree in counseling are often employed at a mental health facility – oftentimes
according to their specialty. For example, community counselors are hired at localized
mental health agencies to assist a local population, interact with community leaders, and
bridge the gap between support services found in surrounding areas.
A master's degree in counseling can lead to employment as a social worker, mental health
counselor, or case manager at a mental health agency or facility. A doctorate in counseling
qualifies a professional to take a position as a coordinator or director of a mental health
agency.
4. Residential Care Facilities
A residential care facility provides counseling services to people living in a temporary
environment that requires continuous supervision. This may include facilities that house
troubled or at-risk youths, autistic children, or people with mental or physical disabilities.
An associate's degree in counseling prepares graduates to work at a residential care facility as
a substance abuse or addictions counselor, where they may hold one-on-one counseling
sessions or lead group discussions with people suffering from a chemical dependency.
37
5. Halfway Houses
Halfway houses, also known as transitional housing facilities and recovery houses, hire
rehabilitation and substance abuse counselors to guide patients or residents in need of help
transitioning back to a societal environment, their family, their community, and/or entering
the workforce.
COUNSELORS MAY WORK IN:
Voluntary substance abuse halfway houses, which allow recovering addicts to transition from
inpatient therapy to reentering society by living in a structured environment during outpatient
therapy. Court-mandated halfway houses, which provide structure and support under strict
supervision to
related halfway houses, where individuals receive mental health counseling in a residential
setting, such as patients that require medical supervision or victims of domestic violence.
Counseling degree programs at the associate's level typically focus on training professionals
as substance abuse or drug and alcohol counselors, but the majority of employers are looking
to hire a licensed professional or someone with at least a bachelor's degree.
6. Geriatric-Related Facilities
Counselors, especially geriatric counselors, are often employed by facilities, agencies and
organizations that serve the elderly population, such as hospitals, assisted living
communities, senior community centers, retirement homes, independent living
communities, as well as long- and short-term care facilities.
7. VA Medical Hospitals and Outpatient Clinics
According to the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), there are more than 1,200 VA
community-based outpatient clinics, VA hospitals, and VA vet centers in the United
States.
Counselors are hired to work with veterans, their spouses, and family to address issues,
such as PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder) and anger management. Usually, a master's
degree is required for the majority of VA counseling positions.
8. Correctional Facilities and/or Prisons
From mental health counseling to substance abuse counseling, the prison system employs
counselors to provide individual and group therapy for individuals who are jailed, or living in
a correctional facility. Correctional counselors also help develop a plan of action to assist
38
inmates achieve rehabilitation goals, and prepare them for transitioning back into society
after being released from prison.
9. Retail Businesses
Assuming positions in the human resources or public relations departments of large retail
organizations, counselors with as little as a bachelor's degree are hired in the retail sector. Job
duties typically include improving company-customer relationships, as well as designing and
conducting training programs.
10. The Educational System

Primarily helping students to better navigate the stresses of growing up and successfully
completing their studies, counselors play an important role at all levels of the school system,
such as providing crisis intervention following traumatic or violent occurrences – like the
death of a teacher, a gun violence incident, or peer suicide. Although a master's degree is
often preferred, some counselors with a bachelor's degree are able to assume positions at a
school. Typically, the higher the degree a counselor possesses, the more job opportunities an
individual will encounter regarding the following institutions within the school system:
Elementary and Middle Schools
According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), elementary and secondary schools
employed 47% of all educational, vocational and schools counselors working in 2012 on the
state, local, and private level. In an elementary school, a counselor often works with teachers
and parents to evaluate a student's strengths and weaknesses, as well as identify any special
needs.
High Schools
A graduate with experience in vocational or career counseling may find a fit at a high school,
where they can advise students making future decisions regarding higher education and/or
making career plans. Often called guidance counselors, they also assist students with various
issues commonly associated with teenagers, which range from self-esteem to behavioral
issues to college and/or career planning. In high schools, a degree in counseling can also lead
to job positions as academic adviser, career counselor, career services director, and guidance
counselor.
Colleges and Universities
39
The BLS reports 31 percent of school and career counselors are employed at junior colleges,
colleges, universities, and professional schools on the state, local, and private level. Those
with a doctoral degree in counseling can teach undergraduate or graduate level studies at a
public or private college/university. A director of career counseling with a college or
university often holds a Ph.D. related to the field.
Additional work opportunities for counselors with an interest in higher education include:
Developing curricula for various certificate and degree programs, Evaluating counseling
programs, Mentoring aspiring counselors
Writing textbooks, Pursuing original research
11. Career Centers
The majority of graduates with a vocational or career counseling degree work in career
centers associated with high schools, colleges, as well as state government agencies. A
bachelor's degree in vocational counseling is acceptable for some places of employment, but
a master's degree is typically preferred, especially for counselors applying for a position at a
college and university career center.
Outside of a career center, some counselors work as consultants that match candidates to
corresponding employment opportunities.
12. Rehabilitation Centers & Agencies
Graduates with a bachelor's or master's degree in counseling may assume a position with a
rehabilitation agency on the state, private, and nonprofit level. A professional with a
doctorate in counseling qualifies to become a director of a rehab facility. Counselors also
find work in other job settings that involve rehabilitation, such as colleges, elementary and
secondary schools, prisons, and independent-living facilities.
13. Nonprofit or Social Service Agencies
Providing an array of counseling services centered on mental health, rehabilitation, substance
abuse, and other areas of social work, counselors with undergraduate and graduate degrees
find work at nonprofit or social service agencies. Job candidates with a Ph.D. are qualified to
oversee family counseling services for such agencies, including the governmental division of
Child and Family Services.
14. Religious Institutions
40
Counselors who specialize in combining traditional mental health counseling with the
Christian faith often work in private practice and/or religious work environments, such as a
church. Professionals must obtain a certificate in Christian counseling before they are able to
use the Bible and religious teachings to treat clients. This type of professional is also not
limited to strictly working in a religious setting, and may assist anyone in need of counseling.
15. Public or Private Practice
Those with a Ph.D. in counseling can become a licensed professional counselor that works in
a public or private practice. Most often, this type of counselor concentrates on a particular
area of specialization, such as mental health counseling, family and marriage counseling, or
substance abuse counseling. A bachelor's degree in counseling allows a graduate to assume
the position of an administrative assistant or researcher that works under the direct
supervision of a certified psychologist with his or her own practice or business.
EXERCISES NO. 1
Given that you are a Counselor, which field or institution you will practice your profession.
Why?
EXERCISES NO. 2
If you are a Counselor what are you specific job functions (specify at least 4) on the
following areas:
1. HOSPITAL
2. SCHOOL
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3. INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTION
4. DRUG REHABILITATION CENTERS
EXERCISES NO. 3
LESSON 6: COUNSELING AND ITS PROCESSES, METHODS, AND TOOLS

1. To know the process, methods and tools in Counseling.
2. To identify the different theories used in Counseling
3. To understand the different theories and methods in Counseling
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4. To apply basic theories and its approaches in real life situation.
1. Pre- Test
4. Reflection
1. Reference Book
2. Paper and pen
DISSCUSSIONS:
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METHODS IN COUNSELING
Five Counseling Theories and Approaches
Psychotherapy theories provide a framework for therapists and counselors to interpret a
client’s behavior, thoughts, and feelings and help them navigate a client’s journey from
diagnosis to post-treatment. Theoretical approaches are an understandably integral part of the
therapeutic process. But with so many different methods out there, how do you know which
counseling approach works best for you? Whether you’re a student learning about counseling
theories or a client looking for the right therapist, the following detailed descriptions will
give you a deeper understanding of each counseling method.
Psychoanalysis/Psychodynamic Theory
Psychoanalysis or psychodynamic theory, also known as the “historical perspective,” has its
roots with Sigmund Freud, who believed there were unconscious forces that drive behavior.
The techniques he developed, such as free association (freely talking to the therapist about
whatever comes up without censoring), dream analysis (examining dreams for important
information about the unconscious), and transference (redirecting feelings about certain
people in one’s life onto the therapist) are still used by psychoanalysts today.
In general, psychotherapists and counselors who use this approach direct much of their focus
and energy on analyzing past relationships and, in particular, traumatic childhood
experiences in relation to an individual’s current life. The belief is that by revealing and
bringing these issues to the surface, treatment and healing can occur. This theory is highly
researched, and as the field of neuroscience advances, counselors are finding how
psychodynamic theory can actually positively affect a client’s brain. Psychodynamic theory
can be more time intensive in comparison to some short-term theories because it involves
changing deeply ingrained behaviors and requires significant work on understanding one’s
self.
Behavioral Theory
Behavioral theory is based on the belief that behavior is learned. Classic conditioning is one
type of behavioral therapy that stems from early theorist Ivan Pavlov’s research. Pavlov
executed a famous study using dogs, which focused on the effects of a learned response (e.g.,
a dog salivating when hearing a bell) through a stimulus (e.g., pairing the sound of a bell with
food).
44
B. F. Skinner developed another behavioral therapy approach, called operant conditioning.
He believed in the power of rewards to increase the likelihood of a behavior and punishments
to decrease the occurrence of a behavior. Behavioral therapists work on changing unwanted
and destructive behaviors through behavior modification techniques such as positive or
negative reinforcement.
Cognitive Theory
In the 1960s, psychotherapist Aaron Beck developed cognitive theory External link . This
counseling theory focuses on how people’s thinking can change feelings and behaviors.
Unlike psychodynamic theory, therapy based on cognitive theory is brief in nature and
oriented toward problem solving. Cognitive therapists focus more on their client’s present
situation and distorted thinking than on their past. Cognitive and behavioral therapy are often
combined as one form of theory practiced by counselors and therapists. Cognitive behavioral
therapy, or CBT, has been found in research External link to help with a number of mental
illnesses including anxiety, personality, eating, and substance abuse disorders.
Humanistic Approach
Humanistic therapists care most about the present and helping their clients achieve their
highest potential. Instead of energy spent on the past or on negative behaviors, humanists
believe in the goodness of all people and emphasize a person’s self-growth and self-
actualization.
Humanistic theories include client-centered, gestalt, and existential therapies. Carl Rogers
developed client-centered therapy, which focuses on the belief that clients control their own
destinies. He believed that all therapists need to do is show their genuine care and interest.
Gestalt therapists’ work focuses more on what’s going on in the moment versus what is being
said in therapy. Existential therapists help clients find meaning in their lives by focusing on
free will, self-determination, and responsibility.
Holistic/Integrative Therapy
Holistic and integrative therapy involves integrating various elements of different theories to
the practice. In addition to traditional talk therapy, holistic therapy may include
nontraditional therapies such as hypnotherapy or guided imagery. The key is to use the
techniques and psychotherapy tools best suited for a particular client and problem.
45
EXERCISES NO. 1
Explain the stages of Counseling Process.
EXERCISES NO. 2
Explain the differences of each theories:
1. Behavioral Theory VS. Psychoanalysis
2. Cognitive Theory vs. Integrative Theory
EXERCISES NO. 3
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UNIT 3: SOCIAL WORK

1.The learners demonstrate an understanding of disciplines of Social Work.
2.Able to demonstrate a high level of the basic concepts of Social Work.
UNIT PREFACE
Social Work is defined as, " is a practice-based profession that promotes social change,
development, cohesion and the empowerment of people and communities. Social work
practice involves the understanding of human development, behavior and the social,
economic and cultural institutions and interactions. Social work professionals working with
families and institutions have helped to provide and advance the following social impacts:
Civil Rights Unemployment Insurance
Disability Pay Worker’s Compensation
Reduced Mental Health Stigma Medicaid and Medicare
Child Abuse and Neglect Prevention
This unit opens the variety of opportunities to the students in widen their knowledge and
ideas on the practicality of life and the field of social work.
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LESSON 7: THE DISCIPLINE OF SOCIAL WORK
The Definition, Scope of Social Work, Goals, Principles, and Core Values of Social Work
1. To know the scope of social work.
2. To identify the different goals in Social Work
3. To understand the different Principles and Core in Social Work
4. To apply basic principles of social work in real life situation.
5. Defining roles, functions

1. Pre- Test
4. Reflection
1. Reference Book
2. Paper and pen
DISSCUSSIONS:
GLOBAL DEFINITION OF SOCIAL WORK

“Social work is a practice-based profession and an academic discipline that promotes social
change and development, social cohesion, and the empowerment and liberation of people.
Principles of social justice, human rights, collective responsibility and respect for diversities
are central to social work. Underpinned by theories of social work, social sciences,
humanities and indigenous knowledge, social work engages people and structures to address
life challenges and enhance wellbeing. The above definition may be amplified at national
and/or regional levels.
SCOPE OF PRACTICE FOR SOCIAL WORK
The scope of practice of the profession of social work means the assessment, diagnosis,
treatment and evaluation of individual, interpersonal and societal problems through the use of
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social work knowledge, skills, interventions and strategies, to assist individuals, dyads,
families, groups, organizations and communities to achieve optimum psychosocial and social
functioning.
GOALS
To develop competent social work professionals grounded in knowledge, values, and skills
necessary for entry-level generalist practice with individuals, families, groups, organizations,
and communities primarily within the urban community.
 To prepare students for social work practice with diverse populations.
 To prepare students for social work practice with vulnerable populations and to orient
students to local, national, and international issues of social and economic justice so
that they are empowered to be agents of change.
 To provide a curriculum that challenges students to integrate and act upon the values
and ethics of the social work profession.
 To motivate students to know the importance of and exhibit a commitment to the
ongoing development and care of the personal and professional self.
 To prepare students for graduate studies in social work.
PRINCIPLES OF SOCIAL WORK
The social work profession is guided by a distinct set of abstract values and a Code of Ethics.
These values are transformed into accepted practice principles for the purpose of informing
our intervention with clients. What follows is a listing of nine Social Work Principles and
brief description of each.
Acceptance – Acceptance is a fundamental social work principle that implies a sincere
understanding of clients. Acceptance is conveyed in the professional relationship through the
expression of genuine concern, receptive listening, intentional responses that acknowledge
the other person’s point of view, and the creation of a climate of mutual respect.
Affirming Individuality – To affirm a client’s individuality is to recognize and appreciate
the unique qualities of that client. It means to “begin where the client is.” Clients expect
personalized understanding and undivided attention from professionals. Individualization
requires freedom from bias and prejudice, an avoidance of labeling and stereotyping, a
recognition and appreciation of diversity, and knowledge of human behavior.
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Purposeful Expression of Feelings – Clients need to have opportunities to express their
feelings freely to the social worker. As social workers, we must go beyond “just the facts” to
uncover the underlying feelings.
Non-judgmentalism – Communicating non-judgmentalism is essential to developing a
relationship with any client. It does not imply that social workers do not make decisions;
rather it implies a non-blaming attitude and behavior. Social workers judge others as neither
good or bad nor as worthy or unworthy.
Objectivity – Closely related to non-judgmentalism, objectivity is the principle of examining
situations without bias. To be objective in their observations and understanding, social
workers must avoid injecting personal feelings and prejudices in relationships with clients.
Controlled Emotional Involvement – There are three components to a controlled emotional
response to a client’s situation: sensitivity to expressed or unexpressed feelings, and
understanding based on knowledge of human behavior, and a response guided by knowledge
and purpose. The social worker should not respond in a way that conveys coldness or lack of
interest while at the same time cannot over identify with the client.
Self -Determination – The principle of self-determination is based on the recognition of the
right and need of clients to freedom in making their own choices and decisions. Social
workers have a responsibility to create a working relationship in which choice can be
exercised.
Access to Resources – Social workers are implored to assure that everyone has the necessary
resources, services, and opportunities; to pay attention to expanding choices, and
opportunities for the oppressed and disadvantages; and to advocate for policy and legislative
changes that improve social conditions and promote social justice.
Confidentiality – Confidentiality or the right to privacy implies that clients must give
expressed consent before information such as their identity, the content of discussions held
with them, one’s professional opinion about them, or their record is disclosed.
CORE SOCIAL WORK VALUES
There are more than five core social work values that encompass everything from integrity to
individual dignity to compassionate service to social justice to human relationships. These
core values are inherent to the effectiveness of social work activities and programs. These
core codes serve certain purposes. For example, they establish the moral foundation of the
50
social worker’s organization and they summarize the ethical principles used to set
professional standards and guide social work practices. These codes help social workers
identify professional obligations and legal conflicts of interest. The codes are public
standards that the public can use to hold social workers accountable.
SERVICE
The primary goal of social workers is exemplary public service through helping needy people
address, manage and resolve various social problems. Social workers must always elevate
public service above self-interest and personal gain. Social workers use their skills and
knowledge to help their clients through serious social problems, such as drug dependency,
child abuse, residential instability and criminal behaviors. Social workers often volunteer
their professional skills through community organizations free of charge.
SOCIAL JUSTICE
Social workers advocate for social justice and fight against social injustice. They offer social
support and resources for vulnerable individuals and oppressed groups. Their social change
efforts are primarily focused on poverty, education, housing, unemployment and
discrimination. They promote public sensitivity to social justice issues and encourage the
public to embrace cultural respect and genetic diversity. Social workers ensure that their
clients have access to basic services, resources and information. They promote the equality of
opportunity and wholesome engagement with clients.
VALUES
Social workers value the dignity and worth of each person. They treat each client in a
compassionate and respectful way that is mindful of individual differences, cultural norms
and ethnic diversity. They promote clients’ socially responsible self-determination based on
their individual values. Social workers strive to increase their clients’ capability to change,
address their own needs and become self-reliant. Social workers are always aware that they
are simultaneously responsible to their clients, the law and their organization. They resolve
conflicts between clients and society in ways that are respectful and socially responsible.
HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Social workers recognize the primary importance of human relationships. They understand
that relationships between people are important vehicles for change, advocacy and equity.
Social workers engage clients, other professionals and community program staff as partners
51
in the healing and helping process. They improve relationships among people in order to
restore and promote the functionality of clients, their families and communities. Because
social work depends on the ability to maintain positive relationships with individuals who
may be hostile and unreliable, social workers must be patient and communicative.
INTEGRITY
Social workers must always act in trustworthy ways. They must maintain a continual
awareness of their organization’s mission, their profession’s values and their individual
ethical standards. Social workers must honestly and responsibly conduct themselves in public
to encourage their coworkers and support their organization. In order to maintain their
integrity, social workers improve their work expertise through continually increasing their
career competency.
The core social work values ensure that those in need receive appropriate support and
services. Anyone who wants to become a licensed social worker will need a master’s degree
that is approved by the NASW. They maintain a registry of approved bachelor and master
degree programs. They also offer a helpful list of unique social work career and certification
specializations.
Lesson 8: THE PROFESSIONALS AND PRACTITIONERS IN SOCIAL WORK

DEFINING ROLES, FUNCTIONS AND COMPETENCIES OF SOCIAL WORK
Being a social worker is often a challenging, yet rewarding career. Social workers are
responsible for helping individuals, families, and groups of people to cope with problems
they’re facing to improve their patients’ lives. One aspect of this is teaching skills and
developing mechanisms for patients to rely on to better their lives and experiences. We must
not put our own problems in our work; it may affects our work so we should separate our
own problems in term of works. And sometimes we need to put ourselves in their situations
so we can understand what they feel.
AREAS OF SPECIALIZATIONS OF SOCIAL WORK

Within the field of social work, there are many different specializations and industries that
professionals can pursue and focus on. While these different fields all require practitioners to
show the cornerstones of social work: empathy, flexibility, and persistence, and respect for
52
different circumstances; there are some skill sets and knowledge that social workers will
need to utilize in order to become the as effective at their jobs as possible. Social workers can
be required to aid with issues directly caused by trauma, disability, poor family
circumstances, abuse, mental and emotional problems, addiction, and acute, chronic, or
terminal illnesses. Some social workers prefer to focus their skills on one area of expertise by
going into specific fields. As we think of it, Social work also does specialization so it prior
individual who profession this. It instructs here that we need to master things about social
work. Why should we need to specialize social work? Of course for us to do our jobs
correctly specially social work, because social works do not aiming for a job to have wage
but also save lives. And these 5 major specialization of Social work really helps to
accomplish things that we should . For example in mental health field, In this case we really
need to specialize this primarily because now a days many of us are suffering from
depression, what if we don't specialized about this? That would be more trouble.
Specialization does not only help us to gain knowledge but also to save different community
problems.
CAREER OPPORTUNITIES OF SOCIAL WORK
There are so many potential career paths in social work that it can be challenging to answer
the question: what does a social worker do? Many social workers provide clinical and case
management services directly to individuals, couples, families, and groups. Social workers
serve clients dealing with a range of challenges including poverty, physical and mental health
issues, addiction, and family problems. They may provide clinical services, such as therapy
or counseling, and connect people to resources in the community to help them overcome
challenges. Most social workers believe that everyone is impacted by their environment. This
person-in-environment perspective informs many areas of social work, some social workers
do not work directly with individual clients. Instead, they work in community organizations,
government, and advocacy groups to alleviate poverty and social injustice on a big-picture
level and these social work careers include legislative advocacy, policy analysis, and
community organizing to break down barriers and drive reform. Many social workers’
careers include both individual client-centered work and big picture work, whether
professionals choose a career as a school social worker, child social worker, medical social
worker, or another social work path, their work will likely involve individual services for
53
people in need of support along with program development and advocacy to improve the
institutions, systems, and policies impacting their client population.
RIGHTS, RESPONSIBILITIES AND ACCOUNTABILITIES OF SOCIAL WORK

Being a social worker is often a challenging, yet rewarding career. It is not only about the
fact that social work is always concerned with the clients and service oriented but it’s also
about the social work’s rights, responsibilities and accountabilities like any other professions.
It is the right to achieve professional mandates or what is asked for the social worker to do in
order for the social worker to help the clients, general public and the society and live by its
value. A social worker must respect the clients. Social work responsibilities involves those
situations that concern of its basic functions, professional standards, roles, and adherence to
the local and international code of ethics. Lastly it is accountable to the clients, general
public and the society. A social worker must not only entertain but also accommodate them
by interviewing them and processing other necessary documents that the clients, general
public, and the society submitted to the social workers. And then social workers will finally
assure the positive results in the said transactions.
CODE OF ETHICS OF SOCIAL WORK
The National Association of Social Workers Code of Ethics is a set of values, principles and
standards for social workers to adhere to and reference in order to guide decision making and
conduct, because ethical decision making arises frequently in social work, there are not
always easy answers. Any given situation can have nuances and idiosyncrasies that bring a
social worker from black and white to the grayest of areas. Ideally, a social worker can apply
this set of ethics to a situation in order to make an informed and appropriate decision or
judgment, if the primary goal of a social worker is to help people improve the quality of their
lives and meet their basic human needs, then a social worker’s essential task is personal,
social, political, economic and more. Social workers are advocates for social justice and
change, working on behalf of their clients to improve the environmental forces that create,
contribute to and address quality of life and the National Association of Social Workers
(NASW) defines the mission of the Code of Ethics as being rooted in a set of core values.
The core values are: service, social justice dignity and worth of the person, importance of
human relationships, integrity, and competence. The NASW uses the core values to build a
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balance that responds to and aims to improve on the complexity of the human experience.
The code is divided into different sections that outline the specific responsibilities of a social
worker and this includes social workers’ ethical responsibilities: to clients, to colleagues, in
practice settings, as professionals, to the social work profession and to the broader society.
It’s important for social workers to have the Code of Ethics because the nature of social work
can be very personal and directly plants social workers into the lives of their clients and at
the heart of social work is the idea of responsibility, social workers help their clients to take
responsibility for their own lives and respond to or get out of bad situations. Though the
NASW’s Code of Ethics doesn’t guarantee ethical behavior from social workers, it does
provide a set of guidelines and language that other social workers, employers, organizations
and agencies can use in order to judge a social worker’s behavior or response to a situation.
In this way, the Code of Ethics can be used in a peer-review process. The Code of Ethics is
used by social workers as a landmark and touchstone of ethical practice. Social workers’
commitment to the code ideally results in upholding it and performing their duties according
to the core values. Most of the standards explained by the NASW are enforceable guidelines
for professional conduct. However, some are aspirational and can be interpreted in different
ways based on any number of influences. It’s important to have guidelines spelled out and
agreed upon by the social work profession so that every individual social worker can behave
and react accordingly.
EXERCISES NO. 1
What is the responsibility of the Social Work?
EXERCISES NO. 2
Give at least Five (5) Social Work Principles and explain each.
EXERCISES NO. 3
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SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

At the End of the unit, the student must be able to:

LESSON 1: DEFINING SOCIAL SCIENCES AS THE STUDY OF SOCIETY

Time Duration to complete Lesson: Three Sessions (240 mins)

History of Social Sciences

How are they alike?

Statements After the Chapter Study

Social science is the study of

Social sciences are only applicable

Applied social scientist use and

Guidance counseling is a profession

Applied social sciences provide

Psychology studies hoe human

At the End of the unit, the student must be able to:

2. Able to demonstrate a high level of the basic concepts of counseling.

3. To demonstrate comprehension of counseling principles through case

THE MEANING OF COUNSELING

CORE VALUES AND ETHICAL PRINCIPLES OF COUNSELING

PERSONAL MORAL QUALITIES

Statements After the Chapter Study

LESSON 3: PROFESSIONALS AND PRACTITIONERS IN COUNSELING

2. To identify the specialization of counselors in the line of work

4. To realize the career opportunities in the line of counseling.

COUNSELING PROFESSION: ITS ROLES, FUNCTIONS AND COMPETENCIES

School Counselor Duties and Responsibilities

2. What Careers opportunities and areas of specialization of counselors?

3. What are the roles and functions of counseling?

2. To identify the responsibility of audiences and clientele in the counseling

3. To understand the rights, responsibilities and accountabilities of clientele and

4. To understand clients characteristics and how counseling functions in the

5. To realize the career opportunities in the line of counseling.

As bereavement counselors, these professionals respond to the need to be helped to go

The Individual as Client of Counseling

The Group and Organization as Client of Counseling

The Community as Client of Counseling

1. Individual as a client of Counseling

2. Group or organization as client of Counseling

3. Community as Client of Counseling

1. To know and understand counseling and its work

3. To realize the career path opportunities in the line of counseling.

Where Can You Work with a Degree in Counseling?

3. Mental Health Facilities & Agencies

10. The Educational System

4. DRUG REHABILITATION CENTERS

LESSON 6: COUNSELING AND ITS PROCESSES, METHODS, AND TOOLS

2. To identify the different theories used in Counseling

3. To understand the different theories and methods in Counseling

1. Behavioral Theory VS. Psychoanalysis

2. Cognitive Theory vs. Integrative Theory

UNIT 3: SOCIAL WORK

Time Duration to complete Lesson: Three Sessions (240 mins)

GLOBAL DEFINITION OF SOCIAL WORK

Lesson 8: THE PROFESSIONALS AND PRACTITIONERS IN SOCIAL WORK

AREAS OF SPECIALIZATIONS OF SOCIAL WORK

RIGHTS, RESPONSIBILITIES AND ACCOUNTABILITIES OF SOCIAL WORK

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