Prepared by: Eleria, Rustom R

The learners should be able to describe how

the Bohr model of the atom improved
Rutherford’s atomic model. ( S9MT-IIa-21)
▪Discuss the features of the atomic theory using
the characteristics of Bohr’s atomic model.
▪Describe ho the Bohr Model of the atom
improved Rutherford’s Atomic Model
 DEMOCRITUS (400 B.C.)
▪A Greek philosopher
▪Was the first person to think
about an atom’s existence.
▪Believed that matter was
composed of tiny indivisible
particles called atoms.
▪He had no experimental
evidence to support his
thoughts.
 JOHN DALTON (1766-1844)
▪A meteorologist
▪Unlike Democritus, he had
experimental evidence to
support his theory.
▪Dalton had four major points
(postulates) to his theory.
 DALTON’S THEORY
1.) All elements are 2.) Atoms of the same
composed of indivisible element are identical.
particles called atoms. The atoms of any one
element are different
from those of another.
 DALTON’S THEORY
3.) Atoms of different 4.) Chemical reactions
elements mix or occur when atoms
combine in whole separate, join, or
number ratios. rearrange.
Example: Oxygen In a chemical reaction,
combines with hydrogen atoms of one element
to form water in a 2:1 NEVER change into
ratio. another.
 SIDE NOTE… NOT ALL OF DALTON’S
POSTULATES WERE CORRECT.
▪ We now know that atoms are
indeed divisible – atoms can
be broken down into their
subatomic particles, protons,
neutrons, and electrons (and
these too can be broken down
even further!).
▪ Quarks and gluons are the
building blocks of protons and
neutrons, which in turn are the
building blocks of atomic
nuclei.
 SIDE NOTE… NOT ALL OF DALTON’S
POSTULATES WERE CORRECT.
▪ We also know that not all atoms
of the same element are
identical. Isotopes exist for
different elements.

▪ Isotopes are members of a

family of an element that all
have the same number of
protons but different numbers
of neutrons. The number of
protons in a nucleus
determines the element's
atomic number on the Periodic
Table.
 CATHODE RAY TUBE EXPERIMENT
▪In the tube was an inert gas, and
two plates, a positive and a
negative.
▪The particles in the gas were
attracted to the positive plate.
▪Therefore, the particles MUST
have a negative charge.
(Opposites attract.)
JOSEPH JOHN (J.J.) THOMPSON (1859-1940)
 J.J. THOMPSON
▪Discovered the electron.
▪From his experimental evidence, he
believed that the atom was a solid
positive sphere with electrons
shoved into the sides of it.
▪His model was said to resemble a
popular English dessert called Plum
Pudding, and so his model was
deemed the “Plum Pudding Model.”
 ERNEST RUTHERFORD
▪Used the gold foil experiment to
discover the nucleus.
▪Shot high energy beam of alpha particles
into gold foil.
ERNEST RUTHERFORD CONCLUSIONS
Observation
Most of the alpha particles
went through he concluded…
Few particles were deflected
at small angles he concluded…
Very rarely particles were
deflected at large angles he
concluded…
Conclusion
The atom is mostly empty
space
The alpha particle came close
to something small and
positive (nucleus)
The alpha particles hit a
small, very dense, and
positively charged center
(nucleus)
EUGENE GOLDSTEIN (1850-1930)
▪ Goldstein discovered the proton.

James Chadwick (1891-1974)

▪ Chadwick discovered the neutron.
 NIELS BOHR
▪He proposed that
electrons are arranged
in concentric circular
orbits around the
nucleus.
▪This model is patterned
on the solar system and
is know as the
planetary model.
 NEILS BOHR
▪The Bohr model can be summarized by the following
four principles:
(1) Electrons occupy only certain orbits around the
nucleus. Those orbits are stable and are called
“stationary” orbits.
(2) Each orbit has an energy associated with it. The orbit
nearest the nucleus has an energy of E1, the next
orbit E2, etc.
 NEILS BOHR
(3) Energy is absorbed when an electron jumps from a
lower orbit to a higher one and energy is emitted when
an electron falls from a higher orbit to a lower orbit.
(4) The energy and frequency of light emitted or
absorbed can be calculated by using the difference
between the two orbital energies.
 ERWIN SCHRODINGER
▪Schrodinger used
mathematical equations
to describe the
likelihood of finding an
electron in a certain
position.
▪This atomic model is
known as the quantum
mechanical model of
the atom.
 ERWIN SCHRODINGER
▪ Unlike the Bohr model, the
quantum mechanical model
does not define the exact path
of an electron, but rather,
predicts the odds of the
location of the electron.
▪ This model can be portrayed
as a nucleus surrounded by an
electron cloud. This model
introduced the concept of
sub-energy levels.
Thompson’s Model Rutherford’s Model Rutherford’s Model Bohr’s Model