In Search of Negatives

2nd Quarter Lesson 1

Atom and Sub-Atomic Particles

History of Atomic Models
ATOMS AND SUB ATOMIC
PARTICLES
 WHAT IS AN ATOM?

oThe smallest unit of

an element.

oConsists of a
central nucleus
surrounded by one
or more electrons.
SUB ATOMIC PARTICLES

NEUTRON

ELECTRON
WHAT IS THE NUCLEUS?

oThe central part of

an atom.
oComposed of
protons and
neutrons.
oContains most of an
atom's mass.
WHAT IS A ?

oPositively charged
particle.

oFound within an
atomic nucleus.
WHAT IS A NEUTRON?

o Uncharged particle.

oFound within an
atomic nucleus.
WHAT IS AN ELECTRON?

oNegatively
charged particle.

oLocated in shells
that surround an
atom's nucleus.
HISTORY OF
ATOMIC
MODELS
 Democritus
• Believed universe made of
invisible units and named
them ATOMS (Atomos) in
400 BC

• Aristotle said “He’s a

quack!!!”

• Took 2000 yrs to be

proved right!
 John Dalton
(1766 – 1844)

 Dalton drew upon the Ancient Greek idea of atoms

 His theory stated that atoms are indivisible, those of

a given element are identical, and compounds are
combinations of different types of atoms

 Stated the first “ATOMIC THEORY”

 Proposed the “Billiard ball model” of atom – said that

matter was composed of small, spherical particles
 Dalton’s Atomic Theory

Wrote the first atomic theory

1. All elements are composed of tiny indivisible particles
called atoms
2. Atoms of the same element are identical. Atoms of
any one element are different from those of any other
element.
3. Atoms of different elements combine in simple whole-
number ratios to form chemical compounds
4. In chemical reactions, atoms are combined, separated,
or rearranged – but never changed into atoms of
another element.
 J.J. Thomson:
“Plum Pudding” or “Chocolate Chip Cookie” Model

 using available data on the atom, J.J.

Thomson came up with the idea of having
charges embedded with Dalton’s Billiard
Balls
 Also used cathode ray experiment to
discover the existance of the electron
(which he called corpuscles) in 1897

positive negative
(evenly distributed) “chocolate”
“dough”
part

note: this model kept Dalton’s key ideas intact

 Discovery of the Electron

In 1897, J.J. Thomson used a cathode ray

tube to deduce the presence of a
negatively charged particle: the electron
 Mass of the Electron

Robert Millikan
Mass of the
electron is
9.11 x 10-28 g

The oil drop apparatus

1916 – Robert Millikan determines the mass

of the electron: 1/1840 the mass of a
hydrogen atom; has one unit of negative
charge
 Ernest Rutherford
 Discovered the Nucleus and the
Positive Protons
 Proposed that atoms are made of
mostly empty space
 Didn’t know about the Neutrons
 Famous Gold Foil Experiment

• Particles shot through thin sheet

of gold
• Most shots went straight through
• A small amount were deflected
• Hence… The atoms must be
made of mostly empty space with
a small dense nucleus
Nuclear Model
 Rutherford found that most (99%) of the alpha particles that he
shot at the gold went straight through
 From these experiments Rutherford concluded that the atom had
a dense positive core, with the rest composed of mostly empty
space with the occasional negatively charged electron

-
-
-
+

- -

note: this model completely changed the definition of atom

Rutherford’s Findings
* Most of the particles passed right through
* A few particles were deflected
* VERY FEW were greatly deflected
Conclusions:
#1 The nucleus
is small
#2 The nucleus
is dense
#3 The nucleus
is positively
charged
 Niels Bohr
 Discovered that electrons exist in several distinct layers
or levels
 Travel around nucleus like planets travel around sun
 Electrons Orbit
 Electrons can jump between levels with energy being
added/released

negative electrons

3 positive protons

 Bohr also suggested that

the electrons can only
no energy level in between steps
revolve in certain orbits, or
at certain energy levels (ie,
the energy levels are
quantized)
Heisenberg and Schrodinger
 Found that Electrons
live in fuzzy regions or
“clouds” not distinct
orbits
 Improved on Bohr’s
findings
 Electron location can
not be predicted
 Quantum Mechanical
Model
 Quantum Mechanical Model
 the current understanding of the atom is based on Quantum Mechanics
 this model sees the electrons not as individual particles, but as behaving like a
cloud - the electron can be “anywhere” in a certain energy level

• Stated that electrons do not move in set

paths around the nucleus, but in waves

• It is impossible to know the exact

location of electrons, instead we have
electrons can be found “clouds of probability” called orbitals, in
anywhere in these “shells” which we are more likely to find an
electron

note: the
electrons are still
quantized
no electrons can
be found here
Closer look of
an Atom
 This is an Electron.
- charge

e- No Mass

This is a Proton.
+
+ Charge

N Has mass
Identifies the atom
This is a Neutron.
No Charge
Has Mass
Atomic Number
and
Atomic Mass
 All known elements can be found on the periodic table.

Atomic Number
• Elements can be identified by their atomic number.
• The atomic number is the number of PROTONS= ELECTRON in the
atoms of an element.

• It can be used like a social security number for people.

• It is used to IDENTIFY the element from the Periodic Table.

Example:

An element with 6 protons and 6 electrons has an atomic

number of 6 and is the element Carbon from the Periodic Table.
Atomic Mass
 The atomic mass number includes the number of protons and
neutrons, since they are the two largest particles in the atom.

 Since they are both located in the nucleus, the mass of the
atom is located in the nucleus.

 Atomic Mass Number = protons + neutrons

 Using the Periodic Table
Atomic Number-
identifies the element.
(also the number of
protons = number of
electrons) 2
Element symbol-
gives the name of the He
element. 4
Atomic mass number-
The number of protons +
neutrons.
 Now You Try

For the following pictures, give the name of the element, its atomic
number, number of protons, and atomic mass number.

Beryllium Sodium Oxygen

Atomic number 4 Atomic number 11 Atomic number 8
4 protons 11 protons 8 protons
4 electrons 11 electrons 8 electrons
Atomic mass number 9 Atomic mass number 23 Atomic Mass Number 16
5 neutrons 12 neutrons 8 neutrons