▪Describe the subatomic particles;

▪Identify the number of protons,

electrons, neutrons, mass number
and atomic number in a given
isotope; and
▪Describe the early concepts of atom.
 ATOMIC
ATOMS THEORY
Basic unit of
matter. For over two
centuries,
ELEMENTS scientists
have created
different
A pure substance that is models of
made up of only one atoms.
kind of atom.
ELEMENTS
 Are the simplest kind of pure
substance.
A substance in which all the atoms
have the same number of protons.
 There are ~ 118 elements, each
made of a different type of atom
(periodic table).


 CHEMICAL Chemical
SYMBOLS Symbols are
REPRESENT ELEMENTS either one or
two letters.
If one letter, it is
always
capitalized.
If two letters, the
first is
A chemical symbol capitalized, the
implies one atom of that second is lower
element. case.
CHEMICAL FORMULAS SHOW HOW
MANY ATOMS OF EACH ELEMENT ARE IN ONE MOLECULE OF AN
ELEMENT OR COMPOUND:
Chemical # of # of atoms # of Carbon
Formula elements total atoms
O2 1 2 0
H2O 2 3 0
C3H8O 3 12 3
 How many atoms of each
element are present in one
molecule of:

(NH4)2SO3
N……………. 2
H…………… 8
S……………. 1
O…………… 3
Great advances in
metallurgy in this
time

Wrote the book “The

Sceptical Chymist”
Discovered oxygen gas and
combustion.

Also discovered that CO2 in

fermenting beer is the same
as in the gaseous products
of combustion.
combustion is the reaction of a
carbon-containing substance
with oxygen to form carbon
dioxide and water and that life Father of Modern
depends on a similar reaction, Chemistry
which today we call
respiration.
Law of conservation of mass
A given chemical compound
Law of Definite
always contains its components Proportions
in fixed ratio by mass.
Different compounds may
contain the same element
but still differ in terms of Atomic Theory of
the number of atoms in its matter
composition. Law of Multiple
Proportions
1. All matter is composed of tiny indivisible
particles called atoms.
2. All atoms of an element are identical in mass
and chemical properties, whereas atoms of
different elements differ in mass and
fundamental chemical properties. Atomic Theory of
3. A chemical compound is a substance that always matter
contains the same atoms in the same ratio.
Law of Multiple
4. In chemical reactions, atoms from one or more Proportions
compounds or elements redistribute or rearrange
in relation to other atoms to form one or more new
compounds. Atoms themselves do not undergo a
change of identity in chemical reactions.
1 Matter is composed of small indivisible
particles called atoms.
2. Atoms of the same element are
identical.
3. Compounds contain atoms of more Atomic Theory of
than one element. matter
Law of Multiple
4. In a compound, atoms of different
Proportions
elements always combine in the same
proportion by mass.
▪Dalton was wrong about all
elements of the same type being
identical
▪Atoms of the same element can
have different numbers of
neutrons.
▪Thus, different mass numbers.
▪These are called isotopes.
Isotopes are atoms of the same
element that differ in the number of
neutrons in their atomic nuclei.
Same Atomic Number
(no. of protons & electrons)
Different Mass Number
(no. of neutrons + protons)
Isotope notation
Example 1: What is the isotopic notation for the
isotope carbon-14?

From the periodic table, we see that the atomic

number (number of protons) for the element
carbon is 6. The name carbon-14 tells us that
this isotope's mass number is 14. The
chemical symbol for carbon is C.
Example: What is the isotopic notation for the
isotope carbon-14?

Write the isotopic notation for carbon-14.

We can determine the number of neutrons as

14 − 6 = 8 neutrons.
 Democritus & Joseph Priestly
Leucippus
Robert Boyle
Oxygen,
Atomic theory Elements Combustion

Antoine Lavoisier
Joseph Proust
Combustion & Law
Law of Definite
of Conservation of
Proportions
Mass

John Dalton
Atomic theory of
matter, Law of
Multiple Proportions
 ATOMIC THEORY TIMELINE

DALTON THOMPSON RUTHERFORD BOHR CHADWICK MODERN

▪ using available data on the atom, J.J. Thompson came
up with the idea of having charges embedded with
Dalton’s Billiard Balls
▪ Also used cathode ray experiment to discover the
existence of the electron

negative
positive “chocolate”
(evenly distributed)
“dough”
part

note: this model kept Dalton’s key ideas intact

In 1897, J.J. Thomson used a cathode ray
tube to deduce the presence of a negatively
charged particle: the electron
In 1897, J.J. Thomson used a cathode ray
tube to deduce the presence of a negatively
charged particle: the electron
A. Cathode rays have identical properties
regardless of the element used to produce them.
All elements must contain identically charged
electrons.
B. Atoms are neutral, so there must be positive
particles in the atom to balance the negative
charge of the electrons
C. Electrons have so little mass that atoms must
contain other particles that account for most of
 Robert Millikan
Mass of the
electron is
9.11 x 10-28 g

The oil drop apparatus

1916 – Robert Millikan determines the mass of the

electron: 1/1840 the mass of a hydrogen atom;
has one unit of negative charge
▪Ernest Rutherford discovered
a huge flaw in the previous
concept of the atom during his
now famous gold foil
experiment.
▪ Discovered the Nucleus and
the Positive Protons
▪ Surmised atoms are made
of mostly empty space
▪ Didn’t know about the
Neutrons
▪ Famous Gold Foil
Experiment
• Particles shot through thin sheet of gold
• Most shots went straight through
• A small amount were deflected
• Hence… The atoms must be made of mostly empty
space with a small dense nucleus
▪ If previous models were correct
alpha particles would have passed
straight through the gold foil.
In the following pictures, there is a target hidden by a
cloud. To figure out the shape of the target, we shot
some beams into the cloud and recorded where the
beams came out. Can you figure out the shape of the
target?

Target Target
#1 #2
Target #1 Target #2
▪ Rutherford found that most (99%) of the alpha particles that
he shot at the gold went straight through
▪ From these experiments Rutherford concluded that the atom
had a dense positive core, with the rest composed of mostly
empty space with the occasional negatively charged electron

-
-
-
+

- -
note: this model completely changed the definition of atom
* Most of the particles passed right through
* A few particles were deflected
* VERY FEW were greatly deflected

“Like howitzer shells bouncing

off of tissue paper!”
Conclusions:
#1 The nucleus is small
#2 The nucleus is dense
#3 The nucleus is positively
charged
▪ Discovered that electrons
exist in several distinct layers
or levels
▪ “Jimmy Neutron Model”
▪ Travel around nucleus like
planets travel around sun
▪ Electrons Orbit
▪ Electrons can jump between
levels with energy being
added/released
▪ Niels Bohr proposed that electrons
revolve around the central positive
nucleus (like planets in the solar
system)

negative electrons

3 positive protons
▪ Bohr also suggested that the electrons can
only revolve in certain orbits, or at certain
energy levels (ie, the energy levels are
quantized)

no energy level in between steps

▪ Found that Electrons live in
fuzzy regions or “clouds”
not distinct orbits
▪ Improved on Bohr’s
findings
▪ Electron location can not be
predicted
▪ Quantum Mechanical
Model
▪the current understanding of the atom
is based on Quantum Mechanics
▪this model sees the electrons not as
individual particles, but as behaving
like a cloud - the electron can be
“anywhere” in a certain energy level
electrons can be found
anywhere in these “shells”

note: the electrons

are still quantized
no electrons can
be found here
▪ Chadwick revised Rutherford’s
theory, and proposed that the
nucleus contains positively charged
protons and neutral particles called
neutrons.
▪ Chadwick's discovery forced a
revision of the cloud model, and
scientists sometimes refer to the
revised version as the James
Chadwick atomic model.
1. Who was the first person to propose
theories about atom?
2. What was the three conclusions of
Rutherford in his experiment?