Recall:

 Explainthe importance of accuracy and

precision in measurements.
 What are the rules in determining
significant figures.
 Canscientific notation be a source of error
in measurement?
 CHAPTER 3: ATOMS,
MOLECULES, AND
IONS
This chapter includes how philosophers and scientists contributed to the
development of the modern atomic theory, the basic laws of matter, the
atomic structure and its subatomic particles and how to distinguish one
element from another, molecules, and ions, chemical formulas, and naming
compounds.
Development of the
Modern Atomic
Theory
SINCE THE ANCIENT TIMES, PHILOSOPHERS AND
SCIENTISTS HAD BEEN ASKING “ WHAT ARE THINGS
MADE OF?”
Learning Objectives: At the end of the
lesson,

Iwill be able to trace the development of

the modern atomic theory.
 State the basic laws of matter,
 Explainhow the basic laws of matter led to
the formulation of Dalton’s atomic theory,
and
 Describe Dalton’s atomic theory.
 Greek philosophers pioneered the quest of finding
out the basic composition of matter. One of them is
EMPEDOCLES ( 490-435 B.C.) who proposed the concept
of fire, air, water, and earth as the answer. He called
these the four elements, composed of minute,
unchanging particles. This was then accepted by
ARISTOTLE (384-323 B.C.), he even added a 5th element
which he called QUINTESSENCE. These ideas culminated
into a primitive concept developed by DEMOCRITUS
(460-370 B.C.) who assumed the presence of a void in
which the unchanging particles were in continuous
random motion. Later he then came up with a theory
stating that everything is composed of small indivisible
particles which he called ATOMOS.
 In 1803, English chemist JOHN DALTON proposed that
atoms have fixed weights and definite properties. This is
known as DALTON’S ATOMIC THEORY. This then led to the
pursuit of knowledge about the structure of the atom.

SCIENTIST WORKS
J.J. Thomson Discovered electron (1897)
Robert Millikan Determined the charge of
an electron (1909)
Ernest Rutherford Discovered nucleus (1911)
 BASIC LAWS OF MATTER
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS
Proposed by Antoine Laurent Laviosier (1743-1794), a French
chemist who is also known as the father of modern chemistry. The
law of conservation of mass states that the mass of the products in a
chemical reaction will always be equal to the mass of the reactants.
LAW OF CONSTANT COMPOSITION
Discovered by the French chemist, Joseph Proust
(1754-1826). This law states that all samples of a
chemical compound contain all the elements in the
same proportion.
LAW OF MULTIPLE PROPORTIONS
Formulated by John Dalton (1766-1844), an English chemist
and meteorologist. The law of multiple proportions states that
the elements in a compound have a proportion of those
chemical compounds that can be expressed in a small, whole
number ratio.
Dalton’s Atomic Theory (1803)
 Elements are composed of minute, discrete, and indivisible
particles called atoms which maintain their identity in all
physical and chemical changes.
 Atoms of the same element are identical in physical and
chemical properties, and have the same mass. Atoms of
different elements differ in physical and chemical
properties and have different masses.
 The chemical combination of two or more elements consists
of the union of the atoms of these elements in simple
numerical ratios to form the smallest possible unit particles
of a compound.
 Atoms of the same element can unite in more than one
ratio to form more than one compound.
Exercises
Determine whether the following statements are true or
false.
1. If you cut an object repeatedly, you will reach a point
where you can no longer cut it any further.
2. Atoms of the same element have the same physical but
different chemical properties.
3. The law of constant composition was formulated by John
Dalton.
4. The law of multiple proportions states that all samples of
a chemical compound contain the same elements in the
same proportion.
5. The law of conservation of mass is the basis for
stoichiometry.
Recall:

What are the basic laws of

matter? Explain each.
The Atomic
Structure
 Learning Objectives: At the end of the
lesson,
 I will be able to describe structure of atoms.
 I will be able to describe the subatomic particles.
 I will be able to differentiate among atomic number, mass
number and isotopes.
 I will be able to determine which among atomic number,
mass number, and isotopes distinguishes one element from
another.
 I will be able to write isotopic symbols.
 I will be able to recognize common isotopes and their uses.
 The Atom
An atom is a small, indivisible particle considered to be
the basic unit of matter. An atom consists of three main
subatomic particles, namely, protons, neutrons, and
electrons.
 Subatomic Particles
ELECTRONS are small, negatively charged particles
that spin around the nucleus, staying in their ORBITS. The
shells are numbered, depending on how close they are to
the nucleus. Electrons in the lowest energy level are the
ones most tightly bound and, therefore hardest to expel.
The number of the energy level is designated n.
PROTONS were discovered Eugene Goldstein using
Crookes tube. Protons are positively charged particles.
NEUTRONS are found in the nucleus. James Chadwick
showed that uncharged particles are emitted when
beryllium and other elements are bombarded with high
velocity helium particles. A neutron has no charge.
 COMPARISON OF THE DIFFERENT SUBATOMIC PARTICLES
SUBATOMIC SYMBOL MASS (a.m.u.) CHARGE LOCATION
PARTICLE
Proton p+ 1.0073 +1 Inside the
nucleus
Neutron n0 1.007 0 Inside the
nucleus
Electron e- 0.00055 -1 Outside the
nucleus
 Representing an Atom
ATOMIC NUMBER (Z) is equal to the number of
protons inside the nucleus. Since the atoms is
electrically neutral before chemical reaction, it is
also equal to the number of electrons outside the
nucleus.
MASS NUMBER (A) is the sum of the number of
protons and the number of neutrons in the nucleus.
The mass number is simply an approximation of the
atomic mass since the masses of the nucleons are
very close to 1 atomic mass unit each, and the
electron is considered to be of negligible mass.
 Isotopes
ISOTOPES are atoms of the same element that have the
same number of protons but different number of neutrons.
 PROTIUM is the most common isotope of hydrogen
and also the most abundant in nature. It is usually
involved in the hydrogenation of materials.
Hydrogenation is the process where molecular hydrogen
is added to react with another compound to treat
substances.
DEUTERIUM is sometimes called heavy hydrogen
because it is more massive than protium. It can be used
to form “heavy water”, which is denser than ordinary
water. It is also involved in some nuclear reactions.
TRITIUM can be present in nuclear reactions as a
waste product. It is a radioactive isotope, meaning, it is
unstable. It can be used as fuel in some nuclear fusion
reactions.
 Other Common Isotopes and Their Uses
CARBON has three naturally occurring isotopes. C-12 is the
most common isotope of carbon. It s considered as the
reference isotope for measuring atomic weights of all the
other elements’ masses. C-13 is commonly used in studying
the structure of organic compounds using magnetic resonance
spectroscopy. C-14 is is a radioactive isotope used in carbon
dating to determine the age of materials like historical
artifacts.
Unstable isotopes are called radioisotopes or
radionucleutides. They emit radiation, causing nucleus to
change into the nucleus of a different which is more stable.
Such atoms are described as radioactive and the process of
emission of radiation is called RADIOACTIVE DECAY.
 P-32 which is incorporated into nutrients giving
information on metabolic pathways and used for
detecting of skin cancer.
 I-131 which is used in medical diagnostic tests and
treatment of illnesses of the thyroid gland.
 Cu-64 which is used in studying brain tumors.
 Fe-55 which is used as an X-ray source for different
methods of scientific analysis.
 Na-24 which is used for detecting blood clots and
tumors.
 Co-60 and Cs-137 which are used for the radiation
therapy of cancer.
Activity: Subatomic Particles
Complete the table by providing the missing information.

ELEMENT ATOMIC MASS NUMBER NUMBER NUMBER

S NUMBER NUMBER OF p+ OF n0 OF e-
(Z) (A)
K 19 39
Mg 12 12
P 31 15
Si 14 14
Ar 18 40
Exercises:

Identify the element described in each

statement.
1. An element with 26 protons and 30 neutrons.
2. Has a mass number of 11 and an atomic number
of 78
3. Hass 117 neutrons and an atomic number of 78
4. Has 69 neutrons and an atomic number of 85
Recall:

Describe the structure of the

atom and its subatomic particles
 Molecules
and Ions
NOT ALL MATTER IS ATOMIC IN NATURE. MOST MATTER
EXIST IN NATURE IN THE FORM OF MOLECULES, IONS
AND COMPOUNDS.
Learning Objectives: At the end of the
lesson,

I will be able to differentiate between

atoms, molecules, and ions, and give
examples of each.
Molecules
MOLECULES are made up of atoms that are chemically
bonded together. DIATOMIC MOLECULES contain only two
atoms and normally occur in nature. If the atoms are of the
same element, they are called HOMONUCLEAR. If they are of
different elements, they are called HETERONUCLEAR.
Homonuclear diatomic molecules examples: H2, Cl2, and Br2.
Heteronuclear diatomic molecules examples: HCl, NO, and
HF.

On the other hand, a polyatomic molecule contains three

or more atoms.
Examples: O3, CO2, and C2H2.
Ions
IONS are atoms or molecules that
have charge, meaning the number
protons is not equal to the number of
electrons, giving the atom either a
positive or negative net charge. Ions
with positive charge are called CATIONS
while ions with negative charge are
called ANIONS.
Exercises:
Determine whether the following are
ATOMS, MOLECULES, or IONS.
1. Ne
2. NO3
3. O2-
4. K+
5. HPO42-
Recall:

How can you distinguish

between atoms, molecules,
and ions?
 Chemical
Formulas
WRITING CHEMICAL IS A WAY OF EXPRESSING IN
SYMBOLS THE ELEMENTS PRESENT IN A COMPOUND, AS
WELL AS THE NUMBER OF ATOMS OF EACH ELEMENT
PRESENT IN THE COMPOUND.
Learning Objectives: At the end of the
lesson…
 I will be able to represent compounds using
chemical formulas, structural formulas, and
models.
 I will be able to name the similarities and
difference between the empirical formula and
molecular formula of a compound.
 I will be able recognize the formulas of some
common chemical substances.
Structural formula
Indicates how the atoms are arranged and bonded
chemically. They are graphical representations of compounds
showing the elements connected to each other in symbols
and how they are arranged in the molecule of the
compound.
 Molecular Formula
A formula that shows the number of atoms
per element present in a compound. It is also
called the true formula.

C6H12O6
 Empirical Formula
Shows the simplest form of the atomic
ratio in a chemical compound.

CH2O
 Models
A representation of a compound’s structure in a
molecular view. It is a 3-dimensional view of the
compound. The BALL-AND STICK model depicts a
three-dimensional view of the atoms of a compound
and the bonds between them. The atoms are
represented by balls and the bonds between them are
represented by sticks connecting the balls. The
SPACE-FILLING MODEL depicts the atoms of the
compound using spheres that are joined together,
approximating the proportionate sizes of the atoms.
WATER H20 H20
CARBON DIOXIDE CO2 CO2
ACETIC ACID C2H4O2 CH2O
HYDROGEN PEROXIDE H202 H0
Activity: 3-D MODELS

Objective: to create 3-D models of some

common compounds.
Caution: Be careful in handling the materials,
especially the sticks and the paint.
Exercises:
Determine the empirical formulas of the following
compounds given their molecular formulas.
1. Benzene (C6H6)
2. Ascorbic acid (C6H8O6)
3. Sucrose (C12H22O11)
4. Naphthalene (C10H4)
5. Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
Recall:

Differentiate between
empirical formula and
molecular formula.
 Naming
Compounds
THERE ARE CERTAIN RULES TO FOLLOW WHEN NAMING
COMPOUNDS. IONIC AND MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS USE
DIFFERENT NOMENCLATURE RULES
Learning Objectives: At the end of the
lesson…
 I will be able to name compounds given their
formula.
 I will be able to write formulas given the names
of compounds.
 I will be able to write the chemical formulas of
ionic compounds.
 I will be able to name ionic compounds from
formulas.
 Naming Ionic
An IONIC COMPOUND is a neutrally-charged compound
that contains a cation that are usually metallic and anion
that are usually non-metallic.
Rules:
a. Name the metal
b. If the metal has more than one oxidation state, indicate
the charge of the metal cation using Roman numerals and
enclose it in parentheses or use suffixes –ous and –ic.
c. If the anion is monoatomic, add the suffix –ide to the root
of the name of the non-metal. A MONOATOMIC ANION is
made up of only one atom. A POLYATOMIC ANION is made
up of more than one atom of different elemensts.
What is the chemical name of the
following Ionic compounds

KCl
KNO3
FeI2
Cu(NO3)2
Write the chemical formula of the
following ionic compounds.

Sodium hydroxide
Aluminum phosphate
 Naming Molecular Compounds
A molecular compound is composed of non-metallic elements.
Rules:
1. Use prefixes for both elements in the compound to indicate the
number of atom for each elements present in the compound. If
there is only 1 atom in the first element, the prefix “mono” is
usually dropped. 1 mono-
2 di-
3 tri-
4 tetra-
5 penta-
6 hexa-
7 hepta-
8 octa-
9 nona-
10 deca-
2. Add the suffix –ide to the root of the name of the second
element.

What is the chemical name of the following molecular

compounds.
1. SF6
2. P2S3

Write the chemical formula of the following molecular

compounds.
1. Carbon tetrafluoride
2. Diphosphorus pentaoxide
 Exercises:
A. Give the chemical name or formula,
whichever applies, of the following ionic
compounds.
1. MgO
2. AuCl3
3. Hg2CO3
4. Ammonium nitrate
5. Iron(III) pyrosphosphate
B. Give the chemical name or
formula of the following molecular
compounds.
1.SO3
2.S2F10
3.SeCl6
4.Nitrogen trihydride
5.Phosphorus pentachoride