GENERAL

CHEMISTRY 1
WEEK 3
Prepared by: Ma'am Kim
 Percent
Composition
Percent
Composition
by mass
% 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑛 ∗ 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
= 𝑥 100
the ratio of the total 𝑏𝑦 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑
mass of each element 𝑛 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
to the total mass of one
mole of the compound
multiplied by 100%
 EXAMPLE
Calculate the percent composition of NaCl

% 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑛 ∗ 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡

= 𝑥 100%
𝑏𝑦 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑

𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔: 𝑁𝑎 = 1𝑥23 = 23; 𝐶𝑙 = 1𝑥35.45 = 35.45; 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 = 23 + 35.45 = 58.45

23 35.45
% 𝑁𝑎 = 𝑥 100 = 𝟑𝟗. 𝟑𝟓% % 𝐶𝑙 = 𝑥 100 = 𝟔𝟎. 𝟔𝟓%
58.45 58.45

NOTE: The sum of the %compositions should be equal to 100%

EXAMPLE
Calculate the percent composition of 𝐶6 𝐻12 𝑂6

NOTE: The sum of the %compositions should be equal to 100%

 EXAMPLE
Which element comprising 𝑀𝑔 𝑂𝐻 2 has the highest percentage by mass?
Empirical
Formula
Empirical Formula
- The simplest positive integer ratio of
atoms in a compound
- It can be calculated from the percent
composition
- Because percentage is given, it is
convenient to assume 100 grams of the
compound
Example
A compound was found to consist of 40.00% carbon, 53.33% oxygen, and
6.67% hydrogen. What is the empirical formula of the compound?

Derived Empirical
Element Mass (g) Atomic Mass No. of moles Mole ratio
Formula
Molecular
Formula

Molecular Formula
- True formula of a compound
- To get the molecular formula,
percent composition and molar
mass of the compound should be
given.
Step 1: Derive the empirical formula
using the given percent compositions.
Step 2: Calculate the molar mass of
the derived empirical formula.
Step 3: Get the ratio of the compound’s
molar mass and the empirical formula mass.
Step 4: Multiply the subscripts in the
empirical formula by the calculated ratio.
Examples:
Determine the molecular formula of
compounds with the given
empirical formulas and molar masses
1. EF: 𝐶6 𝐻8 𝑂; MM = 290 g/mol
Step 1: Derive the empirical formula
using the given percent compositions.
Step 2: Calculate the molar mass of
the derived empirical formula.
Step 3: Get the ratio of the compound’s
molar mass and the empirical formula mass.
Step 4: Multiply the subscripts in the
empirical formula by the calculated ratio.
Examples:
Step 1: Derive the empirical formula
Determine the molecular formula of
using the given percent compositions.
compounds with the given
Step 2: Calculate the molar mass of
empirical formulas and molar masses
the derived empirical formula.
2. EF: CH2 O; MM = 60 g/mol
Step 3: Get the ratio of the compound’s
molar mass and the empirical formula mass.

Step 4: Multiply the subscripts in the

empirical formula by the calculated ratio.
Examples:
Determine the molecular formula of
compounds with the given
empirical formulas and molar masses
3. EF: C2 HCl; MM = 60.45 g/mol
Step 1: Derive the empirical formula
using the given percent compositions.
Step 2: Calculate the molar mass of
the derived empirical formula.
Step 3: Get the ratio of the compound’s
molar mass and the empirical formula mass.
Step 4: Multiply the subscripts in the
empirical formula by the calculated ratio.
Example
A compound was found to consist of 40.00% carbon, 53.33% oxygen, and
6.67% hydrogen. If the compound has a molar mass of 180g/mol, what is
the molecular formula of the compound?
 Evidences of
Chemical Reaction
 Gas Release

+ =
𝑁𝑎𝐻𝐶𝑂3 + 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 𝐶𝑂2 + 𝐻2 𝑂
+ 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂
 Gas Release

+ =
𝑁𝑂𝑇 𝐴 CHEMICAL REACTION‼!
 Color Change

+ 𝐴𝐼𝑅 =
𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑙 + 𝑂2 𝑚𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑛
𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑠𝑒
 Formation of New Product

+ =
𝐶6 𝐻12 𝑂6 + yeast 2𝐶2 𝐻5 𝑂𝐻
+ 2𝐶𝑂2
 Heat Absorbed/Released

+ 𝑂2 =
𝐶3 𝐻8 + 5𝑂2 3𝐶𝑂2 + 4𝐻2 𝑂
𝐻𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛 +𝐻𝐸𝐴𝑇
 Formation of Precipitate

+ =
𝐶𝑎𝑂 + 𝐻2 𝑂 𝐶𝑎 𝑂𝐻 2
 Irreversible

+ =
ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 + 𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜 brown and
acids delicious
food
Balancing
Equation
 Step 1: Write the correct molecular
Balancing formula of the reactants and
Equation products

Step 2: Balance atoms present in

single molecule of reactant and
- Supports Law of product
Conservation of Mass
- The number of atoms Step 3: Balance other atoms.
on each side should Balance oxygen and hydrogen
be equal atoms last
Examples:
1. Solid sodium metal when
added to liquid water forms
aqueous sodium hydroxide with
the liberation of hydrogen gas.
Step 1: Write the correct molecular
formula of the reactants and
products
Step 2: Balance atoms present in
single molecule of reactant and
product
Step 3: Balance other atoms.
Balance oxygen and hydrogen
atoms last
Examples:
2. Diphosphorus pentoxide gas
reacts with liquid water to form
aqueous phosphoric acid
solution
Step 1: Write the correct molecular
formula of the reactants and
products
Step 2: Balance atoms present in
single molecule of reactant and
product
Step 3: Balance other atoms.
Balance oxygen and hydrogen
atoms last
Examples:
3. Solid carbon and gaseous
water react to form carbon
monoxide gas and
hydrogen gas
Step 1: Write the correct molecular
formula of the reactants and
products
Step 2: Balance atoms present in
single molecule of reactant and
product
Step 3: Balance other atoms.
Balance oxygen and hydrogen
atoms last
Stoichiometry
Stoichiometry
- The chemical reaction equation should be
first balanced

- Uses ratios to determine the amount of

- Calculation of
reactant needed in a chemical reaction or
reactants and
the amount of product formed from a given
products in chemical
amount of reactant
reactions
- Founded on the law of
- The number of significant figures of the
conservation of mass
final answer must be based on the
number of significant figures of the given
EXAMPLE
Ammonia, NH3, is a leading industrial chemical used in the production of
agricultural fertilizers and synthetic fibers. It is produced by the reaction of
nitrogen and hydrogen gases.
a. How many moles of NH3 will be produced if 10.4 moles H2 react completely with N2?
EXAMPLE
Ammonia, NH3, is a leading industrial chemical used in the production of
agricultural fertilizers and synthetic fibers. It is produced by the reaction of
nitrogen and hydrogen gases.
b. How many moles of N2 are needed to produce 42.4 moles NH3?
EXAMPLE
Ammonia, NH3, is a leading industrial chemical used in the production of
agricultural fertilizers and synthetic fibers. It is produced by the reaction of
nitrogen and hydrogen gases.
c. How many grams of NH3 will be produced from 25.7 moles N2?
EXAMPLE
Ammonia, NH3, is a leading industrial chemical used in the production of
agricultural fertilizers and synthetic fibers. It is produced by the reaction of
nitrogen and hydrogen gases.
d. How many grams of NH3 will be produced if 122 g N2 reacts completely with H2?
Yield
 Theoretical yield - the expected amount of

Yield
product to be formed from the given amount
of reactant
Actual yield - the actual amount of product
- Quantity of the formed in a chemical reaction. Always less
product formed than the theoretical yield
(moles) in a chemical Percent yield – percent ratio of the actual
reaction yield to the theoretical yield

𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
% 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 = 𝑋 100%
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
EXAMPLE
The reaction N2(g) + O2(g) -> N2O4(g) occurs in a closed container.
If 8.0 moles N2(g) is used, what is the theoretical yield of N2O4? If 6
moles of N2O4 is produced, what is the percent yield?
EXAMPLE
The reaction N2(g) + O2(g) -> N2O4(g) occurs in a closed container.
If 192g O2 reacted, what is the theoretical yield of N2O4? If 184g
moles of N2O4 is produced, what is the percent yield?
THANK YOU!